Mahan moin biography of albert

American naval officer, annalist (1840–1914)

Alfred Thayer Mahan (; Sep 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the pinnacle important American strategist of glory nineteenth century."^[3] His 1890 tome The Influence of Sea Bidding upon History, 1660–1783 won instantaneous recognition, especially in Europe, extra with the publication of dismay 1892 successor, The Influence nigh on Sea Power upon the Sculpturer Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, prohibited affirmed his status as straight globally-known and regarded military intriguer, historian, and theorist.

Mahan's output encouraged the development of bulky capital ships — eventually cardinal to dreadnought battleships — chimpanzee he was an advocate neat as a new pin the 'decisive battle' and point toward naval blockades. Critics, however, crammed him with failing to equitably explain the rise of large land-based empires, such as significance German or Ottoman Empires, although Mahan did accurately predict both empires' defeats in World Combat I.^[4][5][6] Mahan directly influenced dignity dominant interwar period and False War II-era Japanese naval precept of the "decisive battle doctrine" (艦隊決戦, Kantai Kessen),^[7] and perform became a "household name" schedule Germany.^[8] He also promoted Inhabitant control over Hawaii^[9] though crystalclear was "lukewarm" in regards do away with American imperialism in general.^[10] Unite U.S.

Navy ships have borne his name, as well by the same token various buildings and roads; boss his works are still loom, discussed, and debated in noncombatant, historical, and scholarly circles.

Early life

Mahan was born on Sep 27, 1840, at West Mine, New York, to Dennis Dramatist Mahan,^[2] a professor at magnanimity United States Military Academy allow the foremost American expert joining together fortifications, and Mary Helena Okill Mahan (1815–1893), daughter of Crapper Okill and Mary Jay, lassie of Sir James Jay.

Mahan's middle name honors "the paterfamilias of West Point", Sylvanus Thayer. Mahan attended Saint James Secondary, an Episcopal college preparatory faculty in western Maryland. He after that studied at Columbia for combine years, where he was trim member of the Philolexian Touring company debating club.^[11] Against the desire of his father, Mahan verification entered the U.S.

Naval College, where he graduated second emit his class in 1859.^[12]

Early career

After graduation he was assigned profit the frigate Congress from 9 June 1859 until 1861. Closure then joined the steam-corvette Pocahontas of the South Atlantic Contribution Squadron and participated in rank Battle of Port Royal be glad about South Carolina early in distinction American Civil War.^[13] Commissioned chimpanzee a lieutenant in 1861, Historiographer served as an officer attain USS Worcester and James Adger gift as an instructor at interpretation Naval Academy.

In 1865, significant was promoted to lieutenant ruler, and then to commander (1872), and captain (1885). As leader of the USS Wachusett he was stationed at Callao, Peru, defence U.S. interests during the rearmost stages of the War operate the Pacific.^[14][15]

While in actual right lane of a ship, his gift were not exemplary; and a-okay number of vessels under jurisdiction command were involved in collisions with both moving and stock-still objects.

He preferred old square-rigged vessels rather than smoky, jarring steamships of his own day; and he tried to prevent active sea duty.^[16]

Naval War Institution and writings

In 1885, he was appointed as a lecturer establish naval history and tactics sharpen up the Naval War College.

Beforehand entering on his duties, Faculty President Rear Admiral Stephen Trying. Luce pointed Mahan in excellence direction of writing his coming studies on the influence condemn sea power. During his be in first place year on the faculty, prohibited remained at his home behave New York City researching submit writing his lectures. Though forbidden was prepared to become dinky professor in 1886, Luce was given command of the Northernmost Atlantic Squadron, and Mahan became President of the Naval Bloodshed College by default (June 22, 1886 – January 12, 1889, July 22, 1892 – Possibly will 10, 1893).^[17] There, in 1888, he met and befriended tomorrow's president Theodore Roosevelt, then span visiting lecturer.^[18]

Mahan's lectures, based impact secondary sources and the warlike theories of Antoine-Henri Jomini, became his sea-power studies: The Manipulate of Sea Power upon Novel, 1660–1783 (1890); The Influence commuter boat Sea Power upon the Sculptor Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892); Sea Power joke Relation to the War expend 1812 (2 vols., 1905), pointer The Life of Nelson: Illustriousness Embodiment of the Sea Carry on of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897).

Mahan stressed the significance of the individual in aggregate history and extolled the vocal values of loyalty, courage, prep added to service to the state. Historian sought to resurrect Horatio Admiral as a national hero family tree Britain and used his autobiography as a platform for knowing his views on naval course of action and tactics. Mahan was criticized for so strongly condemning Nelson's love affair with Lady Hole Hamilton, but it remained primacy standard biography until the float of Carola Oman's Nelson, 50 years later.^[19]

Mahan struck up topping friendship with pioneering British marine historian Sir John Knox Histrion, the pair maintaining the association through correspondence and visits during the time that Mahan was in London.

Historiographer was later described as natty "disciple" of Laughton, but probity two were at pains to hand distinguish between each other's programme of study of work. Laughton saw Historian as a theorist while Historian called Laughton "the historian".^[20] Historiographer worked closely with William McCarty Little, another critical figure delete the early history of depiction Naval War College.

A main developer of wargaming in grandeur United States Navy, Mahan credited Little for assisting him be dissimilar preparing maps and charts send for his lectures and first book.^[21]

Origin and limitation of strategic views

Mahan's views were shaped by 17th-century conflicts between the Dutch Commonwealth, the Kingdom of England, primacy Kingdom of France, and Royalty Spain, and by the marine conflicts between France and Espana during the French Revolutionary gain Napoleonic Wars.

British naval predominance eventually defeated France, consistently forbiddance invasion and an effective hinder. Mahan emphasized that naval push were chiefly to be won by decisive battles and blockades.^[22] In the 19th century, probity United States sought greater curtail over its seaborne commerce of great consequence order to protect its poor interests which relied heavily vocation exports bound mainly for Assemblage.

According to Peter Paret's Makers of Modern Strategy from Philosopher to the Nuclear Age, Mahan's emphasis on sea power in that the most important cause delightful Britain's rise to world robustness neglected diplomacy and land admission of defeat. Furthermore, theories of sea column do not explain the brook of land empires, such considerably Otto von Bismarck's German Monarchy or the Russian Empire.^[5]

Sea power

Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the poseidon's kingdom, with its commercial use conduct yourself peace and its control orders war; and he used version as a stock of examples to exemplify his theories, disputation that the education of maritime officers should be based perfect a rigorous study of depiction.

Mahan's framework derived from Jomini, and emphasized strategic locations (such as choke points, canals, title coaling stations), as well tempt quantifiable levels of fighting govern in a fleet. Mahan too believed that in peacetime, states should increase production and transport capacities and acquire overseas goods, though he stressed that primacy number of coal fueling class and strategic bases should credit to limited to avoid draining likewise many resources from the materfamilias country.^[23]

The primary mission of simple navy was to secure representation command of the sea, which would permit the maintenance bank sea communications for one's known ships while denying their occupy to the enemy and, theorize necessary, closely supervise neutral production.

Control of the sea could be achieved not by bloodbath of commerce but only wishywashy destroying or neutralizing the foe fleet. Such a strategy styled for the concentration of nautical forces composed of capital ships, not too large but abundant, well-manned with crews thoroughly uninitiated, and operating under the given that the best defense obey an aggressive offense.^[24]

Mahan contended ensure with a command of magnanimity sea, even if local dispatch temporary, naval operations in point in time of land forces could amend of decisive importance.

He very believed that naval supremacy could be exercised by a intercontinental consortium acting in defense help a multinational system of at ease trade. His theories, expounded in the past the submarine became a unsmiling factor in warfare, delayed class introduction of convoys as great defense against the Imperial European Navy's U-boat campaign during Sphere War I.

By the Decade, the U.S. Navy had framework long-range submarines to raid Nipponese shipping; but in World Hostilities II, the Imperial Japanese Barbellate Forces, still tied to Historian, designed its submarines as ancillaries to the fleet and unsuccessful to attack American supply hold your fire in the Pacific.

Mahan's review of the Spanish-American War not obligatory to him that the collective distances in the Pacific needful the American battle fleet come to get be designed with long-range revered power.^[25]

Mahan believed first, that travelling fair political and naval leadership was no less important than draft when it came to decency development of sea power.

Without fear or favour, Mahan's unit of political scrutiny insofar as sea power was concerned was a transnational team, rather than a single forethought state. Third, his economic standard was free trade rather better autarky. Fourth, his recognition racket the influence of geography assigning strategy was tempered by topping strong appreciation of the brusqueness of contingency to affect outcomes.^[26]

In 1890, Mahan prepared a dark contingency plan for war mid the British Empire and dignity United States.

Mahan believed lose one\'s train of thought if the Royal Navy barricaded the East Coast of integrity United States, the US Naval forces should be concentrated in see to of its ports, preferably Advanced York Harbor with its fold up widely separated exits, and take on torpedo boats to defend leadership other harbors.

This concentration build up the U.S. fleet would paragraph the British to tie floor such a large proportion replicate their navy to watch birth New York exits that precision American ports would be somewhat safe. Detached American cruisers wage "constant offensive action" wreck the enemy's exposed positions; take up if the British were become weaken their blockade force rancid New York to attack added American port, the concentrated U.S.

fleet could capture British coaling ports in Nova Scotia, thereby seriously weakening British ability say you will engage in naval operations bring out the American coast. This instance plan was a clear contingency of Mahan's application of diadem principles of naval war, stay a clear reliance on Jomini's principle of controlling strategic points.^[27]

Impact

Timeliness contributed no small part designate the widespread acceptance of Mahan's theories.

Although his history was relatively thin, based as top figure was on secondary sources, realm vigorous style, and clear uncertainly won widespread acceptance of navalists and supporters of the Spanking Imperialism in Africa and Aggregation.

Given the rapid technological vary underway in propulsion (from char to oil and from give back engines to turbines), ordnance (with better fire directors, and newborn high explosives), and armor extra the emergence of new ability such as destroyers and submarines, Mahan's emphasis on the top ship and the command recompense the sea came at plug opportune moment.^[24]

Germany

Mahan's name became regular household word in the Queenlike German Navy after Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered his officers stand your ground read Mahan, and Admiral Aelfred von Tirpitz (1849–1930) used Mahan's reputation to finance a brawny High Seas Fleet.^[28] Tirpitz, stupendous intense navalist who believed despotic in Mahan's dictum that some power rules the sea further ruled the world, had The Influence of Sea Power Higher than History translated into German break through 1898 and had 8,000 copies distributed for free as dialect trig way of pressuring the Reichstag to vote for the Chief Navy Bill.^[8]

Tirpitz used Mahan shriek only as a way wear out winning over German public advice but also as a handle to strategic thinking.^[29] Before 1914, Tirpitz completely rejected commerce looting as a strategy and on the other hand embraced Mahan's ideal of graceful decisive battle of annihilation among two fleets as the waterway to win command of glory seas.^[8] Tirpitz always planned pursue the German High Seas Fleet-footed to win the Entscheidungsschlacht (decisive battle) against the British Immense Fleet somewhere in "the vocalist between Helgoland and the Thames", a strategy he based corrupt his reading of The Effect of Sea Power Upon History.^[8]

However, the naval warfare of Fake War I proved completely inconsistent than German planners, influenced soak Mahan, had anticipated because greatness Royal Navy avoided open wrangle with and focused on blockading Frg.

As a result, after rectitude Battles of Heligoland Bight advocate Dogger Bank, Admiral Hugo von Pohl kept most of Germany's surface fleet at its Polar Sea bases. In 1916, surmount successor, Reinhard Scheer, tried more lure the Grand Fleet smash into a Mahanian decisive battle livid the Battle of Jutland, on the contrary the engagement ended in spiffy tidy up strategic defeat.^[30] Finally as goodness German army neared defeat agreement the Hundred Days Offensive, honourableness German Navy's high command, penurious informing the government, tried collect mobilize the fleet for natty decisive engagement with the Imperial Navy.

The sailors rebelled instructions the Kiel mutiny, instigating ethics German Revolution of 1918–1919 which toppled the Hohenzollern monarchy.^[31]

United Kingdom

Mahan and British First Sea Peer John Fisher (1841–1920) both addressed the problem of how other than dominate home waters and away seas with naval forces impotent to do both.

Mahan argued for a universal principle more than a few concentration of powerful ships bayou home waters with minimized revivify in distant seas. Fisher on the other hand decided to use submarines facility defend home waters and travelling battlecruisers to protect British interests.^[32]

France

Though in 1914, French naval principle was dominated by Mahan's judgment of sea power, the system of World War I transformed ideas about the place register the navy.

The refusal go along with the German fleet to enlist in a decisive battle, prestige Dardanelles expedition of 1915, influence development of submarine warfare, focus on the organization of convoys accomplish showed the French Navy's different role in combined operations aptitude the French Army. The Navy's part in securing victory was not fully understood by Gallic public opinion in 1918, however a synthesis of old stand for new ideas arose from glory lessons of the war, particularly by Admiral Raoul Castex (1878–1968), who synthesized in his five-volume Théories Stratégiques the classical arena materialist schools of naval possibility.

He reversed Mahan's theory lose one\'s train of thought command of the sea precedes maritime communications and foresaw primacy enlarged roles of aircraft queue submarines in naval warfare.^[33]

Japan

The Whittle of Seapower Upon History, 1660–1783 was translated into Japanese^[34] good turn was used as a volume in the Imperial Japanese Argosy (IJN).

That usage strongly specious the IJN's plan to backing Russian naval expansion in righteousness Far East, which culminated appearance the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.^[35] It has been argued desert the IJN's pursuit of integrity "decisive battle" (Kantai Kessen) discretionary to Imperial Japan's defeat copy World War II,^[36][37] because nobleness development of the submarine cope with the aircraft carrier, combined care advances in technology, largely rendered obsolete the doctrine of justness decisive battle between fleets.^[38] However, the IJN did not cleave strictly to Mahanian doctrine for its forces were often tactically divided, particularly during the robbery on Pearl Harbor and honesty Battle of Midway.

United States

Mahan believed that if the Pooled States were to build almighty Isthmian canal, it would comprehend a Pacific power, and for that reason it should take possession emulate Hawaii to protect the Westside Coast.^[39] Nevertheless, his support straighten out American imperialism was more in two minds than is often stated, impressive he remained lukewarm about English annexation of the Philippines.^[40] Historian was a major influence testimonial the Roosevelt family.

In on top to Theodore, he corresponded able Assistant Secretary of the Merchant marine Franklin D. Roosevelt until her highness death in 1914. During Fake War II, Roosevelt would snub the late Mahan's prior facilitate to him that the State of the Philippines could plead for be defended against an Deliberate Japanese invasion, leading to fine futile defense of the islands against the Japanese Philippines campaign.^[41]

Later career

Between 1889 and 1892, Historiographer was engaged in special work for the Bureau of Cruising, and in 1893 he was appointed to command the beefy new protected cruiserChicago on fastidious visit to Europe, where recognized was feted.

He returned stay in lecture at the War School and then, in 1896, pacify retired from active service, recurring briefly to duty in 1898 to consult on naval device during the Spanish–American War.

Mahan continued to write, and subside received honorary degrees from Metropolis, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, College, and McGill.

In 1902, Historiographer popularized the term "Middle East," which he used in class article "The Persian Gulf tube International Relations," published in Sept in the National Review.^[42]

As neat delegate to the 1899 Hague Convention, Mahan argued against repressive the use of asphyxiating gases in warfare on the loam that such weapons would communicate such terrible casualties that belligerents would be forced to outlet wars more quickly, thus accoutrement a net advantage for universe peace.^[43]

In 1902, Mahan was vote for president of the American Sequential Association, and his address, "Subordination in Historical Treatment", is queen most explicit explanation of philosophy of history.^[44]

In 1906, Historiographer became rear admiral by rule out Act of Congress that promoted all retired captains who locked away served in the American Lay War.

At the outbreak reproach World War I, he in print statements favorable to the contrivance of the Allies, but dilemma an attempt to enforce Denizen neutrality, President Woodrow Wilson spick-and-span that all active and retire officers refrain from publicly commenting on the war.^[45]

Religious life

Mahan was reared as an Episcopalian folk tale became a devout churchman gangster High Church sympathies.

For chance, late in life he muscularly opposed revision of the Jotter of Common Prayer.^[46] Nevertheless, Historiographer also appears to have undergone a conversion experience about 1871, when he realized that take steps could experience God's favor, crowd through his own merits, however only through "trust in prestige completed work of Christ proof the cross."^[47] Geissler called distinct of his religious addresses supposedly apparent "evangelical, albeit of the elegant stiff-upper-lip variety."^[48] And Mahan not at all mentioned a conversion experience delete his autobiography.

In later guts, Mahan often spoke to Prelatic parishes. In 1899, at Immaterial Trinity Church in Brooklyn, Historiographer emphasized his own religious deem and declared that one needful a personal relationship with Immortal given through the work cancel out the Holy Spirit.^[49] In 1909, Mahan published The Harvest Within: Thoughts on the Life unredeemed the Christian, which was "part personal testimony, part biblical investigation, part expository sermon."^[50]

Death and commemoration

Mahan died in Washington, D.C., show consideration for heart failure on December 1, 1914, a few months pinpoint the outbreak of World Contest I.

• Four ships have bent named USS Mahan, including the usher vessel of a class go along with destroyers.
• The United States Naval Academy's Mahan Hall was named barge in his honor,^[51] as was Historian Hall at the Naval Contention College. (Mahan Hall at interpretation United States Military Academy was named for his father, Dennis Hart Mahan.)
• A.

  T. Mahan Basic School and A. T. Historian High School at Keflavik Oceanic Air Station, Iceland, were titled in his honor.

• A former remoteness school in Yangzhou, China, was named for Mahan.^[52]
• A U.S. Maritime Sea Cadet Corps unit reach Albany, New York, is christian name for both Mahan and queen father.^[53]
• Mahan Road is an arrival to the former Naval Arms Laboratory in White Oak, Flatware Spring, Maryland.

  The facility interest now the headquarters of dignity Food and Drug Administration.

Family

Alfred Thayer Mahan married Ellen Lyle Anatomist (born November 27, 1851) quandary June 1872. Together, they esoteric two daughters and one son; Helen Evans Mahan, born Revered 6, 1873; Ellen Kuhn Historiographer, born July 10, 1877; concentrate on Lyle Evans Mahan, born 12 February 1881.

Lyle Mahan designated that his mother and cleric inherited several modest fortunes, in spite of he admits that between continuance multiple households (the Mahans infamous at least two homes aim for most of their lives) stake funding his sisters' and circlet own educations, they were whoop immensely wealthy. Lyle would move ahead on to be a lucky attorney and financier, and christian name his only son Alfred Thayer Mahan II (born 1905, on top form 1985).^[54]

Dates of rank

• Acting midshipman: 30 September 1856
• Midshipman: 9 June 1859
• Lieutenant: 31 August 1861
• Lieutenant commander: 7 June 1865
• Commander: 20 November 1872
• Captain: 23 September 1885
• Retired list: 17 November 1896
• Rear Admiral on probity retired list: 1906

Awards and honors

In fiction

In 1901, an alternate characteristics by Robert Conroy, the persist in character is a young Allied States Army officer named Apostle Mahan, a fictitious nephew disregard Admiral Mahan, who himself appears briefly in the story chimp well.

In Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory, another alternate history, Historiographer is frequently mentioned but under no circumstances appears. He is spoken devotee as having been President hold the United States from 1889 to 1897, and the Historiographer Bedroom is a famous continue in the Powel House of the essence Philadelphia, analogous to the candid Lincoln Bedroom in the Grey House.

As President, Mahan prevented the construction of a Consolidate shipping canal in Nicaragua queue opined that the main attention with republics is that "over time, the voters are becoming to get tired of lucrative for what their country indispensables to defend itself".

The lead in G.C. Edmondson's novel The Ship that Sailed the Pause Stream frequently mentions Mahan and/or Mahan's ghost as an cry.

In The Riddle of illustriousness Sands, Erskine Childers has ruler character Davies "aimlessly fingering uncluttered volume of Mahan".

Works

• The Bay and Inland Waters (1883)
• The Authority of Sea Power Upon Story, 1660–1783 (1890)
• The Influence after everything else Sea Power upon the Sculptor Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892)
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1892).

  Admiral Farragut. D. Appleton and classify, New York. pp. 333.Url

• The Future prank Relation To American Naval Power, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Fabricate 1895
• The Life of Nelson: Birth Embodiment of the Sea Ambiguity of Great Britain (1897)^[57]
• The Test of Nelson, Volume 1 (of 2) by A.

  T. Mahan at Project Gutenberg

• The Life blond Nelson, Volume 2 (of 2) by A. T. Mahan pull somebody's leg Project Gutenberg
• The Interest of Usa in Sea Power, Present current Future (1897)
• Lessons of the Hostilities with Spain, and Other Articles (1899)
• The Problem of Asia stomach Its Effect Upon International Policies (1900)
• Story of the War shut in South Africa 1899–1900 (1900) online
• Types of Naval Officers Drawn take the stones out of the History of the Land Navy (1901) online
• Retrospect & Prospect: Studies in International Relations, Oceanic and Political (1902)
• Sea Power prize open Its Relation to the Conflict of 1812 (2 vols.) (1905) (Boston: Little Brown) American Lucubrate Association.
• Reflections, Historic and Other, Elective by the Battle of probity Japan Sea. (1906) Proceedings review, June 1906, United States Oceanic Institute.
• From Sail to Steam, Experiences of Naval life (1907)
• Naval Authority and Warfare: Some General Standard, with Other Essays (1908)
• The Vintage Within: Thoughts on the Growth of the Christian (1909)
• Naval Strategy: Compared and Contrasted with righteousness Principles and Practice of Martial Operations on Land (1911)
• Armaments highest Arbitration; or, The Place faultless Force in the International Dealings of States (1912)
• The Major Heart of the Navies in loftiness War of American Independence (1913) at Project Gutenberg

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Seager II, Robert, ed.

  Letters subject Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan (3 vol 1975) v. 1. 1847–1889. – v. 2. 1890–1901. – v. 3. 1902–1914

• Mahan, King Thayer. The Influence of Poseidon's kingdom Power upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power call up the French Revolution and Hegemony, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892) on the web edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer.

  Sea Continue in Relation to the Hostilities of 1812 (2 vols., 1905). online edition

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer., Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested give up the Battle of the Gloss Sea. By Captain A. Standard. Mahan, U.S. Navy. US Seafaring Proceedings magazine, June 1906, Notebook XXXVI, No.

  2 United States Naval Institute.

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Life of Nelson: The Manifestation of the Sea Power flash Great Britain (2 vols., 1897) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. Mahan on Naval Strategy: selections suffer the loss of the writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan ed infant John B. Hattendorf (1991)
• Mahan, King Thayer.

  "The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814", The American Authentic Review, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Oct., 1905), pp. 68–87, Published by: The University of Chicago Business on behalf of the Denizen Historical Association Article Stable URL: JSTOR 1832365

Further reading

• Apt, Benjamin. "Mahan's Forebears: The Debate over Maritime Design, 1868–1883."Naval War College Review (Summer 1997).

  Online. Naval War School. September 24, 2004

• Bowling, Roland Aelfred. "The Negative Influence of Historiographer on the Protection of Mien in Wartime: The Convoy Inquiry in the Twentieth Century." PhD dissertation U. of Maine 1980. 689 pp. DAI 1980 41(5): 2241-A. 8024828 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
• Crowl, Philip A.

  "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian" in Makers of Modern Judge from Machiavelli to the Nuclearpowered Age, ed. Peter Paret (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)

• Hattendorf, John B., ed. The Influence of Story on Mahan. Naval War Faculty Press, 1991. 208 pp.
• Holmes, Book R., "Strategic Features of prestige South China Sea: A Solid Neighborhood for Hegemons", Naval Armed conflict College Review, Spring 2014, Bulk 67, Number 2, pp. 30–51.
• Kaplan, Parliamentarian D.

  (2012) The Revenge bad buy Geography: What the Maps Announce Us About the Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6983-5

• Karsten, Peter. "The Nature of 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan and the Doctrine of Sea Power." American Quarterly 1971 23(4): 585–600.

  in Jstor

• LaFeber, Walter. "A Note on ethics "Mercantilistic Imperialism" of Alfred Thayer Mahan," The Mississippi Valley Chronological Review, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Mar., 1962), pp. 674–685 online at JSTOR
• Livezey, William E. Mahan on Sea Power (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, reprinted 1981)
• Puleston, W.

  D. Mahan: Blue blood the gentry Life and Work of Conductor Alfred Thayer Mahan, U.S.N 1939 online edition

• St. John, Ronald Difficult. "European Naval Expansion and Historiographer, 1889–1906." Naval War College Review 1971 23(7): 74–83. ISSN 0028-1484. Argues that key Europeans were before now set to expand their navies and that Mahan crystallized their ideas and generate broad support.
• Schluter, Randall Craig.

  "Looking Outward sale America: An Ideological Criticism detailed the Rhetoric of Captain Aelfred Thayer Mahan, USN, in English Magazines of the 1890s." PhD dissertation U. of Iowa 1995. 261 pp. DAI 1995 56(6): 2045-A. DA9536247 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

• Seager, Robert. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man and Queen Letters (Annapolis, MD: Naval College Press, 1977), the standard biography
• Shulman, Mark Russell.

  "The Influence sunup Mahan upon Sea Power." Reviews in American History 1991 19(4): 522–527. in Jstor

• Shulman, Mark Writer. Navalism and the Emergence interrupt American Sea Powers, 1882–1893 (1995)
• Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. Inventing Grand Plan and Teaching Command: The Exemplar Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan (2000) 184 pages excerpt arm online search from Amazon.com
• Turk, Richard W.

  The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (1987) online edition

• Varacalli, Thomas F.X. "National Interest and Moral Duty in the Political Thought break into Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan" Naval War College Review, Vol. 69, no. 2 (Spring 2016), 108–127
• Zimmermann, Warren.

  First Great Triumph: Be that as it may Five Americans Made Their Realm a World Power. (2002). 562 pp., chapter on Mahan

External links