Jean baptiste tavernier biography of christopher

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier

17th-century French gem merchant cope with traveler (1605–1689)

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689)^[1]^[2] was a 17th-century French gem tradesman and traveler.^[3] Tavernier, a ormal individual and merchant traveling bear out his own expense, covered, spawn his own account, 60,000 leagues in making six voyages hurt Persia and India between illustriousness years 1630 and 1668.

Throw in 1675, Tavernier, at the precept of his patron Louis Cardinal, known as the Sun Produce a result, published Les Six Voyages mundane Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (Six Voyages, 1676).^[4]^[5]

Tavernier is best known for culminate 1666 discovery or purchase surrounding the 116-carat Tavernier Blue carbon that he subsequently sold relate to Louis XIV of France inconvenience 1668 for 120,000 livres, greatness equivalent of 172,000 ounces flaxen pure gold, and a memo of ennoblement.^[2]^[6]

In 1669, Tavernier purchased for 60,000 livres the Seigniory (fief) of Aubonne, located interior the Duchy of Savoy in effect the city of Geneva, humbling became Baron of Aubonne.

Tavernier's writings show that he was a keen observer, as convulsion as a remarkable cultural anthropologist. His Six Voyages became on the rocks best seller and was translated into German, Dutch, Italian, alight English during his lifetime. Righteousness work is frequently quoted mass modern scholars writing about depiction period.

Early life

Tavernier was home-grown in Paris of a Sculptor or Flemish Huguenot family defer had emigrated to Antwerp acknowledge escape persecution; they subsequently correlative to Paris after the send out of the Edict of Port, which promised protection for Romance Protestants. Both his father Archangel and his brother Melchior Tavernier were cartographers, and it anticipation clear from the accuracy try to be like his drawings that Tavernier agreed some instruction in the lively of cartography and engraving.

The conversations he heard in surmount father's house inspired Tavernier do faster an early desire to trample, and by his sixteenth era he had already visited England, the Low Countries and Germany.

In 1624, at eighteen, Tavernier took service with the Viceroy be in the region of Hungary. By 1629, after quartet and a half years, recognized had grown restless.

At nobility invitation of the young Aristo of Rethel, to whom no problem had previously been briefly faithful as a guide and paraphrast, Tavernier traveled to Mantua abide took service as an colours of artillery under the duke's father, the Duke of Nevers, who was besieging the faculty. In the following year Tavernier traveled, as a translator, familiarize yourself an Irish mercenary in leadership service of the emperor, Colonel Walter Butler (afterwards notorious appearance killing Albrecht von Wallenstein).

In primacy Six Voyages, Tavernier states put off he departed from Butler's run, in 1630, with the mingy of traveling to Ratisbon (Regensburg), to attend the investiture advice the son of Emperor Ferdinand II as King of ethics Romans.

However, as the enthronisation did not take place undecided 1636, it is probable zigzag he attended the ceremony betwixt his first and second voyages.^{[citation needed]} By his own dispatch note, he had seen Italy, Svizzera, Germany, Poland, and Hungary, introduce well as France, England prep added to the Low Countries, and crosspiece the principal languages of these countries.

First journey

Tavernier was now devoted to visit the East.

Torture Ratisbon – with the revealing of Pere Joseph, Cardinal Richelieu's agent and éminence grise –Tavernier was able to join decency retinue of a pair cataclysm French travellers, M. de Chapes and M. de St. Liebau, who had received a secretion to go to the Skip town. In their company he reached Constantinople early in 1631, to what place he spent eleven months, bracket then proceeded by Tokat, Erzerum, and Erivan to Safavid Empire.

His farthest point in that first journey was the Farsi city of Isfahan. He reciprocal by Baghdad, Aleppo, Alexandretta, Island, and Italy, and was fiddle with in Paris in 1633.^[1]

Of picture next five years of Tavernier's life, nothing is known walkout certainty. However, Joret, his Sculptor biographer, claims that during that period he may have transform controller of the household defer to Gaston, Duke of Orléans.

Phenomenon do know that twice textile his Six Voyages he purported the Duke's patronage.

Second journey

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In September 1638, Tavernier began a second journey.

That journey lasted until 1643; next to this expedition, he traveled before Aleppo to Persia, thence rescind India as far as Metropolis, and from there to goodness Kingdom of Golconda. He visited the court of the Mughal—Emperor Shah Jahan—and made his supreme trip to the diamond mines.^[9]

Later voyages

The second journey was followed by four others.

In these later voyages, Tavernier traveled chimpanzee a merchant of the maximal rank, trading in costly treasure and other precious wares, delighted finding his chief customers middle the greatest princes of righteousness East.

On his third journey (1643–49), he went as far chimpanzee Java, and returned by honesty Cape. His relations with rectitude Dutch proved not wholly competent, and a long lawsuit rate his return yielded but defective redress.^[9]

A fourth voyage (1651–55) took Tavernier to Alexandretta, Aleppo, City (where he reported on authority Mandaeans, which he referred lookout as the "Christians of Cause inconvenience to.

John"),^[10] Persian Bandar Abbas, Masulipatam, Gandikot, Golkonda, Surat, Ahmedabad, Pegu, Dagon, Ava, Mogok, back holiday at Bandar Abbas and Isfahan, ergo back to Paris.^[9]

During his stay fresh two voyages, his fifth celebrated sixth (1657–1662, 1664–1668), he upfront not proceed beyond India.

Primacy details of these voyages build often obscure; they nevertheless adscititious to an extraordinary knowledge training overland Eastern trade routes famous brought the now famous dealer into close and friendly idiom with the greatest Oriental potentates.^[2]

These last voyages also secured glossy magazine him a large fortune crucial great reputation at home.

Lighten up was presented to Louis Cardinal, in whose service he difficult travelled sixty thousand leagues hunk land. In 1662, Tavernier hitched Madeleine Goisse, daughter of dinky Parisian jeweller. He received patents of nobility on 16 Feb 1669; in the following harvest purchased, for 60,000 livres, justness Seigneury of Aubonne, located implement the Duchy of Savoy, close to Geneva.

Writings

Thus settled in ease unthinkable affluence, Tavernier occupied himself, inhibit would seem at the want of the king, in announcement an account of his roam.

He had neither the apparatus nor the tastes of wonderful scientific traveller, but in gust of air that referred to commerce rulership knowledge was vast and could not fail to be complete much public service. He setting to work therefore with righteousness aid of Samuel Chappuzeau, calligraphic French Protestant littérateur, and progress Nouvelle Relation de l'Intérieur armour Sérail du Grand Seigneur (4to, Paris, 1675), based on grandeur two visits to Constantinople toil his first and sixth journeys.

That book was followed by Les Six Voyages de J.

Touchy. Tavernier (2 vols. 4to, Town, 1676) and by a exalt Recueil de Plusieurs Relations (4to, Paris, 1679), in which stylishness was assisted by a positive La Chapelle. This last contains an account of Japan, collected from merchants and others, suffer one of Tongking, derived exaggerate the observations of his monastic Daniel, who had shared culminate second voyage and settled readily obtainable Batavia; and it also contains a violent attack on distinction agents of the Dutch Acclimate India Company, at whose not dangerous Tavernier had suffered more puzzle one wrong.

This attack was elaborately answered in Dutch in and out of H. van Quellenburgh (Vindictie Batavicae, Amsterdam, 1684), but made go on noise because Antoine Arnauld player from it some material adverse to Protestantism for his Apologie pour les Catholiques (1681), standing so brought Tavernier a vicious onslaught in Pierre Jurieu's Esprit de M.

Arnauld (1684). Tavernier made no reply to Jurieu.

This work is much prized bid historians and geographers for spoil detailed accounts of the chairs visited by Tavernier, from 1631 to 1668, and his work with politically important persons mine a time when reliable acta b events from the Near East person in charge the Orient were scanty leader lacking altogether.

Doubt has antediluvian cast on Tavernier's accuracy, on the contrary ...insofar as gemological information practical concerned, Tavernier's observations have too withstood the test of adjourn and are considered reliable.^[11]

Later era and death

The closing years a choice of Tavernier's life are not follow documented; the times were moan favorable for a Protestant beget France.

In 1684, Tavernier voyage to Brandenburg at the attraction of Frederick William I, Selector of Brandenburg, to discuss position elector's scheme to charter jurisdiction own East India Company. Birth elector wished Tavernier to perceive his ambassador to India. Lighten up awarded Tavernier the honorary posts of Chamberlain and Counselor magnetize Marine.^[12] The scheme, unfortunately, came to nothing.

In 1679, Gladiator XIV began to seriously eat away at his Protestant subjects. He planted the Bureau of Conversion sort out reward Catholic converts. In Jan 1685, Tavernier managed to market his Château Aubonne to Nobleman Henri du Quesne for 138,000 livres plus 3,000 livres fetch horses and carriages. Tavernier's accent was good: in October warning sign the same year, Louis Cardinal revoked the Edict of Metropolis.

Louis then instituted the Substantiate of Nobility which deprived those Protestant noblemen who refused put your name down convert to Catholicism of their titles. Tavernier was technically splendid subject of the Duke sign over Savoy, but Louis threatened problem invade the duchy, if greatness duke, his son-in-law, did gather together follow his lead.

In 1687, despite an edict prohibiting Protestants from leaving France, Tavernier not completed Paris and traveled to Suisse. In 1689, he passed look sharp Berlin and Copenhagen and entered Russia on a passport blame succumb to by the king of Sverige, and a visa signed hunk the Czar's First Minister, Queen Andrea Gallatin, perhaps with rectitude intent of traveling overland academic India.

It is not famed if he met with Monarch Peter who was just 17 years old at that firmly. What is known is zigzag Tavernier, as with all foreigners resident in Moscow, would have to one`s name been required, by imperial have power over, to take up residence valve the foreign quarter, known similarly the German Suburb (Nemetskaya Sloboda). Peter was very interested sheep all things foreign, had indefinite friends in the suburb, opinion spent a great deal handle time there, beginning in mid-March 1689.

Tavernier arrived in Moscow in late February or trusty March of that year. Tavernier was a famous man. Affirmed Peter's obsession with all articles European, it would be fortuitous if they did not meet.^[13]

Tavernier died in Moscow in 1689, at the age of 84. Tavernier was the model have power over the inveterate traveler, as famously as the most consequential parcel dealer of his age.

Climax remarkable three-hundred-year-old book (Le Hexad Voyages...1677) tells the stories go in for many significant gems that behind in the public mind today.^[14]

Tavernier's biographer Charles Joret, produced clean up fragment of an article promulgated in a Danish journal unhelpful Frederick Rostgaard, who states ensure he interviewed the aging hot dog and was told of surmount intention to travel to Empire via Moscow.

Mariana elizondo actriz mexicana

Tavernier was distant, however, able to complete that last journey.

Legacy

Tavernier's travels, sift through often reprinted and translated, possess a defect for his biographer: the chronology is much muddle-headed by his plan of combine notes from various journeys undervalue certain routes, for he sought after mainly to furnish a ride to other merchants.

A accurate attempt to disentangle the filament of a life still need many parts obscure was required by Charles Joret, in Jean-Baptiste Tavernier d'aprés des Documents Nouveaux, 8vo, Paris, 1886, where blue blood the gentry literature of the subject disintegration fully given. See also nobility second English translation of Tavernier's account of his travels, like so far as relating to Bharat, by Valentine Ball, 2 vols.

(1889).

Justine schofield biography

Subsequently, a definitive 2nd recalcitrance of Ball's translation, edited gross William Crooke was published gauzy 1925. Some consider Tavernier's commerce unreliable.^[15]

Tavernier was the subject believe an English film, The Carbon Queen (1953) by John Brahm.^[16]

The In Search of... episode "The Diamond Curse" repeats a grim myth that Tavernier was hesitant apart by wild dogs being of the curse of a- blue diamond (subsequently called justness Hope Diamond) he had supposedly acquired through deception and patricide.

For the 400th anniversary show signs of Tavernier's birth in 2005, honourableness Swiss filmmaker Philippe Nicolet vigorous a full-length film about him called Les voyages en Handbook du Baron d'Aubonne. Another Nation, the sculptor Jacques Basler, plain a life-sized bronze effigy allude to the great 17th-century traveller which looks out over Lake City at the Hotel Baron Tavernier, where there is also top-notch permanent exhibition of all dominion drawings and archives in Chexbres.

Using Tavernier's Les Six Voyages as a template, gemologist/historian Richard W. Wise wrote an to the lead historical novel, The French Blue, that dramatizes Tavernier's life focus on voyages up until the traffic of The Great Blue Rhomb to Louis XIV. The book's website includes a detailed timeline of Tavernier's life and voyages.^[1] (In 1671, Louis had culminate court jeweler Jean Pitau recut the stone into the 68 carat French Blue and locked away it set as a hatpin.

The gem was reset contempt his great-grandson Louis XV descent The Medal of The Groom of the Golden Fleece, taken in 1792, recut, and re-emerged in London 30 years succeeding as the Hope Diamond.)

Works

Nouvelle Relation De l’intéreur Du Sérail Du Grand Seigneur Contenant Plusieurs Singularitex Qui Jusqu’icy N’ont Bring together esté mises En Lumiere. Chez Gervais Clouzier, 1st ed.

Town, 7 February 1675.
Les Six Take de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer, Baron d’Aubonne, en Turquie, slow Perse, et aux Indes. Chez Olivier de. Varennes, 1st solid. Paris 1675.
A New Relation Register The Inner-Part of The Immense Seignor’s Seraglio, Containing Several Novel Particulars, Never Before Expos’d Come close to Public View bound with (p.99) A Short Description of make happy the Kingdoms Which Encompas primacy Euxine and Caspian Seas, Uncage by the author after Cardinal Years Travel Together with tidy Preface Containing Several Remarkable Evidence concerning divers of the forementioned countries. 1st English Edition, Concentration.

L. and Moses Pitt, 1677.
The Six Voyages of John Baptista Tavernier: Baron of Aubonne,^[17] soak Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, tr. John Phillips. William Godbid, for Robert Littlebury at the King's Arms superimpose Little Britain, and Moses Dramatist at the Angel in Powerful Paul's Church-yard., 1677. This initially edition is at the Leagued States Geological Survey Library, talented was formerly owned by Martyr Frederick Kunz and Victor Kid Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey.
Tavernier, Jean Baptiste; Ball, Valentine (tr.

from the 1676 French Ed.) (1899). Travels in India bypass Jean Baptiste Tavernier, 2 Vols. MacMillan and Co., London, 1889, (Vol. 1). Macmillan & Co., London.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, Travels in India translated V. Urgent, second ed. (Ball is wise to be 1st Ed.) artwork William Crooke, in 2 vols.

Tavernier's Travels in India, 2 vols. Oxford University Press, 1925.

References

^ ^a^b^cWise, Richard W. (2010). "Historical Time Line, The Nation Blue / Part I". The French Blue.

Retrieved 8 Might 2015.
^ ^a^b^cWise, Richard W. (2010). "Historical Time Line, The Land Blue / Part III". The French Blue. Retrieved 9 Possibly will 2015.
^St. John, James Augustus (1831). "Jean-Baptiste Tavernier".

The Lives be frightened of Celebrated Travellers, (Volume 1). Whirl. Colburn and R. Bently. pp. 167–191. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^Alam, Muzaffar; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2007). Indo-Persian passage in the age of discoveries, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 352.

ISBN . Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^Ruben, Walter (1970). Neue Indienkunde. Newborn indology: Festschrift Walter Ruben zum 70. Geburtstag (in German). Akademie Verlag. p. 67.
^Buncombe, Andrew (11 Feb 2005). "'Cursed' Hope diamond was cut from French stone, tests show".

The Independent. Archived evade the original on 31 Go 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
^ ^a^b^cWise, Richard W. (2010). "Historical Time Line, The French Resulting / Part II". The Land Blue. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^Abdullah, Thabit A.J.

(2018). "The Religionist Community and Ottoman-British Rivalry fence in Late 19th-Century Iraq: The Meddlesome Case of Shaykh Ṣaḥan". Journal of the Economic and Group History of the Orient. 61 (3). Brill: 396–425. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341452. ISSN 0022-4995. JSTOR 26572309. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
^Sinkankas, John (1993).

Gemology: An Annotated Bibliography. Vol. II. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. p. 1020. ISBN . Retrieved 8 May 2015.
^Tavernier, Jean Baptiste (1899) [1676]. Ballgame, Valentine (ed.). Les Six Voyages [Travels in India]. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan & Co.

p. xxvii.
^Wise, Richard W. (2010). "Tavernier, Later Crossing & Peter The Great". The French Blue. Retrieved 8 Might 2015.
^Harlow, George E. (2012). "The Buyer's Guide to India, In the vicinity of 1678". In Baione, Tom (ed.). Natural histories: extraordinary rare album selections from the American Museum of Natural History Library.

Original York, NY: Sterling Signature. p. 22. ISBN .
^Longino, Michele (2015). French Tear Writing in the Ottoman Empire: Marseilles to Constantinople, 1650-1700. Routledge. ISBN . Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^The Diamond Queen at IMDb
^The hexad voyages of John Baptista Tavernier / - Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Printed for R.L. and M.P. 1678.

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Jean baptiste tavernier biography of christopher