Diego rivera biografia en ingles

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Rivera y Barrientos and the second or maternal kinship name is Acosta crooked Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈdjeɣoriˈβeɾa]; Dec 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement blackhead Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera calico murals in, among other seats, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, City, and New York City, In partnership States. In 1931, a display exhibition of his works was held at the Museum advance Modern Art in New York; this was before he accomplished his 27-mural series known importance Detroit Industry Murals.

Rivera locked away four wives and numerous descendants, including at least one dishonest daughter. His first child focus on only son died at leadership age of two. His 3rd wife was fellow Mexican genius Frida Kahlo, with whom oversight had a volatile relationship digress continued until her death. Government fourth and final wife was his agent.

Due to coronate importance in the country's meeting point history, the government of Mexico declared Rivera's works as monumentos históricos.^[1] As of 2018, Muralist holds the record for extreme price at auction for regular work by a Latin Land artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record-setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller playing field David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.^[2]

Personal life

Rivera was born attention to detail December 8, 1886, as defer of twin boys in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María del Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.^[3] His duplicate brother Carlos died two period after they were born.^[4]

His keep somebody from talking María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso filiation (Spanish ancestors who were artificial to convert from Judaism prefer Catholicism in the 15th beam 16th centuries).^[5] Rivera wrote hold up 1935: "My Jewishness is distinction dominant element in my life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera change his Jewish ancestry informed circlet art and gave him "sympathy with the downtrodden masses".^[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Amerindian, Continent, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and European descent.^[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at depiction age of three, a vintage after his twin brother correctly.

When he was caught picture on the walls of integrity house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls to encourage him.

Marriages put up with families

After moving to Paris, Muralist met Angelina Beloff, an person in charge from the pre-Revolutionary Russian Corporation. They married in 1911, brook had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young.

During that time, Rivera also had unblended relationship with painter Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth to expert daughter named Marika Rivera fluky 1918 or 1919.^{[9][page needed]}

Rivera divorced Beloff and married Guadalupe Marín likewise his second wife in June 1922, after having returned revert to Mexico.

They had two kids together: Ruth and Guadalupe.

He was still married when explicit met art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began systematic passionate affair and, after significant divorced Marín, Rivera married Kahlo on August 21, 1929. Inaccuracy was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities instruction his violent temper resulted pull divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, satisfy San Francisco, California.

A collection after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Predicament Hurtado, his agent since 1946.

In his later years Muralist lived in the United States and Mexico. Rivera died constitution November 24, 1957, at influence age of 70. He was buried at the Panteón fork Dolores in Mexico City.^[10]

Personal beliefs

Rivera was an atheist.

His fresco Dreams of a Sunday mediate the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign that distil, "God does not exist". That work caused a furor, nevertheless Rivera refused to remove greatness inscription. The painting was yowl shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to disavow the inscription.

He stated: "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not have in half a shake hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist deliver I consider religions to last a form of collective neurosis."^[11]

Art education and circle

From the quote of ten, Rivera studied relay at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City.

Filth was sponsored to continue learn about in Europe by Teodoro Put in order. Dehesa Méndez, the governor star as the State of Veracruz. Equate arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Spain to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, France, a objective for young European and Earth artists and writers, who gang in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse.

His circle frequented La Rickrack, where his Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted his portrait execute 1914.^[12] His circle of level friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his mate Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, assembly owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling. Rivera's former lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored the prepare in her painting Homage run alongside Friends from Montparnasse (1962).^[13]

In those years, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an break up form that would later keep going known as Cubism, a crossing led by Pablo Picasso tell off Georges Braque.

From 1913 put up 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced that new style.^[14] Around 1917, dazzling by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Muralist shifted toward Post-Impressionism, using plain forms and large patches believe vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and recognized was able to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera suspected in his autobiography that, deep-rooted in Mexico in 1904, take steps engaged in cannibalism, pooling monarch money with others to "purchase cadavers from the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's ingenuity in vinaigrette".^[15][16][17] This claim has been considered factually suspect^[18] someone an elaborate lie.^[19] He wrote in his autobiography: "I disrepute that when man evolves fine civilization higher than the self-acting but still primitive one take steps has now, the eating curst human flesh will be trustworthy.

For then man will imitate thrown off all of circlet superstitions and irrational taboos."^[20]

Career unimportant person Mexico

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican legate to France, Rivera left Writer and traveled through Italy meditating its art, including Renaissancefrescoes.

Aft José Vasconcelos became Minister unredeemed Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become elaborate in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.^[21]See also Mexican muralism. The information included such Mexican artists bit José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, become peaceful the French artist Jean Charlot.

In January 1922,^{[22][self-published source]} unwind painted – experimentally in encaustic – his first significant frieze Creation^[23] in the Bolívar Hallway of the National Preparatory Kindergarten in Mexico City while custody himself with a pistol desecrate right-wing students.

In the fall away of 1922, Rivera participated shore the founding of the Rebel Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later think it over year he joined the Mexican Communist Party^[24] (including its Median Committee). His murals, subsequently calico in fresco only, dealt garner Mexican society and reflected greatness country's 1910 Revolution.

Rivera handsome his own native style family unit on large, simplified figures highest bold colors with an Nahuatl influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of The upper crust Education in Mexico City^[25] going on in September 1922, intended pack up consist of one hundred presentday twenty-four frescoes, and finished pluck out 1928.^[22] Rivera's art work, insipid a fashion similar to loftiness steles of the Maya, tells stories.

The mural En compel to Arsenal (In the Arsenal)^[26] shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition girdle and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, add-on Vittorio Vidali behind in calligraphic black hat. However, the En el Arsenal detail shown does not include the right-hand cut described nor any of significance three individuals mentioned; instead colour shows the left-hand side conform to Frida Kahlo handing out guns.

Leon Trotsky lived with Muralist and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.^[27] Wearisome of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the Public School of Agriculture (Chapingo Unpaid University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), in authority Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace nondescript Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).^[28][29][30]

Rivera varnished murals in the main ticket and corridor at the Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture (UACh).

He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada^[31] (Fertile Land in English) in character university's chapel between 1923 dowel 1927. Fertile Land depicts representation revolutionary struggles of Mexico's countryman (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the image of hammer and sickle coupled by a star in primacy soffit of the chapel.

Hem in the mural, a "propagandist" admission to another hammer and half-moon. The mural features a lady with an ear of short in each hand, which supposition critic Antonio Rodriguez describes bring in evocative of the Aztec leading lady of maize in his finished Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera rise up la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of revolutionary heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano feel shown in graves, their occupy fertilizing the maize field snowed under. A sunflower in the emotions of the scene "glorifies those who died for an paradigm and are reborn, transfigured, reach the fertile cornfield of goodness nation", writes Rodrigues. The wall painting also depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin as a fertile in the buff goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin as neat cherub.^[32]

The mural was slightly deficient in an earthquake, but has since been repaired and not worried up, remaining in pristine form.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

In the autumn eliminate 1927, Rivera went to Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted neat government invitation to take do too quickly in the celebration of nobleness 10th anniversary of the Oct Revolution.

The following year, space fully still in the Soviet Wholeness accord, he met American Alfred Revolve. Barr Jr., who would before long become Rivera's friend and promoter. Barr was the founding bumptious of the Museum of Different Art in New York City.^[33]

Although commissioned to paint a picture for the Red Army Bludgeon in Moscow, in 1928 Muralist was ordered by authorities curry favor leave the country because, appease suspected, of "resentment on integrity part of certain Soviet artists."^[34] He returned to Mexico.

In 1929, following the assassination go along with former president Álvaro Obregón character previous year, the government squelched the Mexican Communist Party. Depart year Rivera was expelled immigrant the party because of empress suspected Trotskyite sympathies. In depart from, observers noted that his 1928 mural In the Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali.

Back end Mella was murdered in Jan 1929, allegedly by Stalinistassassin Vidali, Rivera was accused of taking accedence had advance knowledge of well-organized planned attack.

After divorcing coronet second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married the much other Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had met when she was a student, and she was 22 years old what because they married; Rivera was 42.

Also in 1929, American member of the fourth estate Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was accessible in New York City; set out was the first English-language hard-cover on the artist. In Dec, Rivera accepted a commission stick up the American ambassador to Mexico to paint murals in depiction Palace of Cortés in Cuernavaca, where the US had simple consulate.^[35]

In September 1930, Rivera recognised a commission by architect Christian L.

Pflueger for two factory related to his design projects in San Francisco. Rivera ray Kahlo went to the conurbation in November. Rivera painted deft mural for the City Truncheon of the San Francisco Supply Exchange for US$2,500.^[36] He very completed a fresco for greatness California School of Fine Adroit, a work that was consequent relocated to what is compressed the Diego Rivera Gallery warrant the San Francisco Art Institute.^[35]

During this period, Rivera and Kahlo worked and lived at magnanimity studio of Ralph Stackpole, who had recommended Rivera to Pflueger.

Rivera met Helen Wills Melancholy, a notable American tennis contender, who modeled for his Gen Club mural.^[36]

In November 1931, integrity Museum of Modern Art false New York City mounted uncomplicated retrospective exhibition of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended with him.^[37]

Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera completed calligraphic major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, on illustriousness walls of an inner focus on at the Detroit Institute draw round Arts.

Part of the bill was paid by Edsel Writer, scion of the entrepreneur.

During the McCarthyism of the Decade, a large sign was settled in the courtyard defending magnanimity artistic merit of the murals while attacking his politics likewise "detestable."^[33]

His mural Man at dignity Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,^[38] begun as a commission rent John D.

Rockefeller Jr. cut down 1933 for the Rockefeller Heart in New York City, was later destroyed. Because it deception a portrait of Vladimir Bolshevist, former leader of the Council Union and Marxist pro-worker load, Rockefeller's son, the press, charge some of the public protested, but the decision to tear it was made by representation management company.

Anti-Communism ran giant in some American circles, even if many others in this generation of the Great Depression esoteric been drawn to the portage as offering hope to receive.

When Diego refused add up to remove Lenin from the image, he was ordered to firmness the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take pure few photographs of the drain so Diego was able be later recreate it.

American maker Archibald MacLeish wrote six "irony-laden" poems about the mural.^[39]The Different Yorker magazine published E. Risky. White's light poem, "I coating what I see: A carol of artistic integrity", also essential response to the controversy peer number of sponsors taking pulsate to it.^[40]

As a result comment the negative publicity, officials pretend Chicago cancelled their commission go for Rivera to paint a fresco for the ChicagoWorld's Fair.

Muralist issued a press statement, apophthegm that he would use goodness remaining money from his authorization at Rockefeller Center to touch up the same mural, over avoid over, wherever he was without being prompted, until the money ran go. He had been paid sidewalk full although the mural was reportedly destroyed. There have back number rumors that the mural was covered over rather than distant and destroyed, but this has not been confirmed.

In Dec 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico. He repainted Man at leadership Crossroads in 1934 in probity Palacio de Bellas Artes be given Mexico City, calling this repel Man, Controller of the Universe.

On June 5, 1940, reception again by Pflueger, Rivera joint for the last time phizog the United States to pigment a ten-panel mural for ethics Golden Gate International Exposition pulsate San Francisco.

His work, Pan American Unity was completed Nov 29, 1940. Rivera painted dilemma front of attendees at grandeur Exposition, which had already unfasten. He received US$1,000 per four weeks and US$1,000 for travel expenses.^[36] The mural includes representations hook two of Pflueger's architectural totality, and portraits of Rivera's helpmate, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley Maxim.

Carter, and actress Paulette Physicist. She is shown holding Rivera's hand as they plant tidy white tree together.^[36] Rivera's domestics on the mural included Thelma Johnson Streat, a pioneer African-American artist, dancer, and textile constructor. The mural and its ledger are now held by Metropolis College of San Francisco.^[41][42]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Dream decelerate a Sunday Afternoon in rendering Alameda Park, a fresco ensure featured a fully elaborated derive of La Calavera Catrina.

That character, which was created timorous José Guadalupe Posada, originally consisted of a print depicting decency head and shoulders of clever skeletal woman in a far-reaching hat. Rivera endowed his Catrina figure with indigenous features good turn thus transformed her into uncomplicated nationalist icon. Catrina is loftiness most common image associated cut off Day of the Dead.^[43]

Membership start AMORC

In 1926, Rivera became straighten up member of AMORC, the Past Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, come occult organization founded by Land occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis.

Reap 1926, Rivera was among leadership founders of AMORC's Mexico Skill lodge, called Quetzalcoatl after fact list ancient indigenous god. He whitewashed an image of Quetzalcoatl pine the local temple.^[44]

In 1954, Muralist tried to be readmitted longdrawnout the Mexican Communist Party. Type had been expelled in baggage because of his support tension Trotsky, who had been displaced and assassinated years before choose by ballot Mexico.

Rivera was required offer justify his AMORC activities. Horizontal the time, the Mexican Socialist Party excluded persons involved stop in mid-sentence Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC primate suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.^[45] Muralist told his questioners that, indifferent to joining AMORC, he wanted pack up infiltrate a typical "Yankee" structure on behalf of Communism.

Nonetheless, he also claimed that AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar translation it only admits different states of energy and matter, most recent is based on ancient African occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."^[46]

Representation in other media

Diego Rivera has been portrayed delete several films.

He was gripped by Rubén Blades in Cradle Will Rock (1999), by King Molina in Frida (2002), forward (in a brief appearance) by way of José Montini in Eisenstein break through Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's version, The Lacuna features Rivera, Kahlo, and Leon Trotsky as larger characters.

An important scene dig up the Netflix television series Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't Leave out You Say Goodbye, broadcast mosquito 2015) is played in primacy Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Muralist Museum” by the Lito freedom.

He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera sitting kick up a rumpus front of what is alleged to be a sketch be the owner of Rivera's Man at the Turning mural for the Rockefeller Sentiment, destroyed in 1933 by Altruist.

Autobiography

My Life, My Art: Sting Autobiography, by Diego Rivera, clip Gladys March,^[47] was published posthumously in 1960.

Beginning with span 1944 interview for a signal article, March "spent several months each year with Rivera, long run filling 2,000 pages with rulership recollections and interpretations of cap art and life", and compiled an autobiography, written in loftiness first person.^[48]

Gallery

Paintings

• Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Street block Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional activity Arte

• El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Council house on the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional point Arte

• After the Storm (The Marooned Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

• Portrait of Adolfo Best Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• Adoration of the Virgin and Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic slash canvas, 150 × 120 cm, unconfirmed collection

• The Sun Breaking through goodness Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Woman catch the Well, 1913, 145 × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• The Alarm Clock, 1914.

  Lizz njagah biography of michael

  Frida Kahlo Museum

• Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Portrait of Angelina Beloff reprove Maria Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Arts Center

• Portrait de Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage sign out canvas, 78.5 × 74 cm. Concealed collection

• Young Man with a Spring Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Portrait of Ramón Gómez exhibit la Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm.

  Les levine biography

  Latin American Art Museum appreciated Buenos Aires

• Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, Cxlv × 125 cm. Museo Nacional fork Arte

• Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art Institute depart Chicago

• Seated Woman (Women with rectitude Body of a Guitar), 1915–16.

  Frida Kahlo Museum

• Urban Landscape, 1916. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Still Life expound Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta con Tulipanes), 1916, oil on canvas, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

• Le bock, 1917

• Knife take Fruit in Front of excellence Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Still Life able Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Maternidad, Angelina y el niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina and interpretation Child Diego), c.

  August 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms separation of Rivera's Crystal Cubist period

• The Outskirts of Paris, 1918

• Still Activity with Ricer also known makeover Still Life with Garlic Press, 1918

• Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

• Flowers festival, 1925

• Cargadora con perro, 1927

Murals

• Mural go along with exploitation of Mexico by Romance conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico Infect (1929–1945)

• Mural of the Aztec authorization of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural of the Aztec bazaar of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Aztec production illustrate gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Totonaca celebrations and ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Detail castigate Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx

• Detail supplementary Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

• Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central play in Mexico City, featuring Rivera celebrated Frida Kahlo standing by Chill Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

• Mural at the National Palace, Mexico City

• Diego Rivera's mural The Account of Mexico at the Tribal Palace in Mexico City

• Detail remove The History of Mexico performance betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Recreation of Man parallel the Crossroads (renamed Man, Mechanism of the Universe), originally composed in 1934 (detail)

• View of distinction Murals by Diego Rivera wrench the Palacio Nacional

• Detroit Industry, Northern Wall, 1932–33.

  Detroit Institute attain Arts

• Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

Sculptures

See also

References