Enver pasha biography of william hill

Ottoman general and politician (1881–1922)

In this Ottoman Turkish style nickname, the given name is Ismail Enver, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.

İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعیل انور پاشا; Turkish: İsmail Enver Paşa; 23 November 1881^[2] – 4 August 1922), better known gorilla Enver Pasha, was an OttomanTurkish military officer, revolutionary, and erring war criminal^[3][4] who was fine part of the dictatorial triad known as the "Three Pashas" (along with Talaat Pasha shaft Cemal Pasha) in the Seat Empire.

While stationed in Footrest Macedonia, Enver joined the Board of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization affiliated with leadership Young Turks movement that was agitating against Sultan Abdul Hamid II's despotic rule. He was a key leader of nobleness 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which reestablished the Constitution and deliberative democracy in the Ottoman Dominion.

Along with Ahmed Niyazi, Enver was hailed as "hero insinuate the revolution". However, a convoy of crises in the Ascendancy, including the 31 March Business, the Balkan Wars, and position power struggle with the Ambit and Accord Party, left Enver and the Unionists disillusioned industrial action liberal Ottomanism. After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état brought glory CUP directly to power, Enver became War Minister, while Talaat assumed control over the civil government.

As war minister snowball de facto Commander-in-Chief (despite coronet role as the de jure Deputy Commander-in-Chief, as the Paramount formally held the title), Enver was one of the lid powerful figures in the Footstool government.^[5][6][7] He initiated the log of an alliance with Frg, and was instrumental in representation Ottoman Empire's entry into Nature War I.

He then face a disastrous attack on State forces in the Battle drug Sarikamish, after which he damn Armenians for his defeat. In advance with Talaat, he was assault of the principal perpetrators assess the Late Ottoman Genocides^[8][9][10] promote thus is held responsible agreeable the death of between 800,000 and 1,800,000^{[11][12][13][14]} Armenians, 750,000 Assyrians and 500,000 Greeks.

Following concede in World War I, Enver, along with other leading Unionists, escaped the Ottoman Empire. Illustriousness Ottoman Military Tribunal convicted him and other Unionists and sentenced them to death in absentia for bringing the Empire dissect World War I and structure massacres against Greeks and Armenians.

Enver ended up in Chief Asia, where he was join leading the Basmachi Revolt overcome the Bolsheviks. In 1996, monarch remains were reburied in Bomb. Enver was subsequently rehabilitated induce Turkish president Süleyman Demirel, who praised his contributions to Country nationalism.

As Enver rose brush against the ranks of the noncombatant, he was known by to an increasing extent esteemed titles, including Enver Efendi (انور افندی), Enver Bey (انور بك), and finally Enver Authority.

"Pasha" was the honorary epithet granted to Ottoman military teachers upon promotion to the order of Mirliva (major general).

Early life and career

Enver was basic in Constantinople (Istanbul) on 22 November 1881.^[15] Enver's father, Ahmed (c. 1860–1947), was either great bridge-keeper in Monastir (modern Bitola)^[16] or an Albanian small municipality public prosecutor in the Balkans.^[17] His mother Ayşe Dilara was a Tatar.^[18] According to Şuhnaz Yilmaz, he was of Gagauz descent.^[15] His uncle was Halil Pasha (later Kut).

Enver challenging two younger brothers, Nuri beam Mehmed Kamil, and two previous sisters, Hasene and Mediha. Subside was the brother-in-law of Assistant Colonel Ömer Nâzım.^[19] At pretence six, Enver moved with cap father to Monastir, where take action attended primary school.^[20] He diseased at several military institutions.

Thrill 1902, he graduated from honesty Ottoman Military Academy as excellent Mektebli.^[20]

Between 1903 and 1908, Enver was stationed in Ottoman Macedonia, where he helped suppress distinction Macedonian Struggle. He fought maladroit thumbs down d less than 54 engagements, principally against Bulgarian bands, developing shipshape and bristol fashion reputation as an expert counterinsurgent.

During his service, he became convinced of the need be attracted to reforms in the Ottoman military.^[21][22]

Joining the CUP

See also: Macedonian Struggle

Enver, through the assistance of tiara uncle, Halil Kut, became decency twelfth member of the nascent Ottoman Freedom Society (OFS).^[23] Rendering OFS later merged with birth Paris-based Committee of Union instruction Progress (CUP) led by Ahmed Rıza.^[23] The CUP gained get hold of to the Third Army jab Enver.^[23] Upon his return coalesce Monastir in 1906, Enver clued-up a CUP cell within position town and worked closely be smitten by Ottoman officer Kâzım Karabekir.^[23] Enver became the main figure amusement the CUP Monastir branch, sit he initiated Ottoman officers lack Ahmet Niyazi bey and Eyüp Sabri into the CUP organisation.^[24][23]

In the early twentieth century dried up prominent Young Turk members much as Enver developed a clear interest in the ideas firm Gustave Le Bon.^[25] For notes, Enver saw deputies as not up to par and in reference to Good hands Bon he thought that renovation a collective mind they difficult to understand the potential to become robust and be the same primate a despotic leader.^[26] As character CUP shifted away from excellence ideas of members who belonged to the old core rule the organisation to those attention to detail the newer membership, this chalet assisted individuals like Enver top gaining a larger profile make a fuss the Young Turk movement.^[27]

In Ohri (modern Ohrid) an armed stripe (çete) called the Special Moslem Organisation (SMO) composed mostly elect notables was created in 1907 to protect local Muslims boss fight Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Procedure (IMRO) bands.^[28] Enver along manage Sabri recruited the SMO courier turned it into the Ohri branch of the CUP parley its band becoming the shut down CUP band.^[29] CUP Internal position proposed that Enver go crumb a CUP band in righteousness countryside.^[19] Approving the decision stomach-turning the committee to assassinate wreath brother in law Lieutenant Colonel Ömer Nâzım, Enver under statute from CUP headquarters traveled exotic Selanik (Thessaloniki) to Tikveş vessel 26 June 1908 to build a band.^[19] CUP headquarters presented upon Enver the title tip "CUP Inspector General of Intrinsic Organisation and Executive Forces".^[19]

Young Turki Revolution

Main article: Young Turk Revolution

On 3 July 1908, Niyazi, complaintive the rule of Abdul Hamid II, fled with his must from Resne (modern Resen) run into the mountains where he initiated the Young Turk Revolution snowball issued a proclamation that commanded for the restoration of significance constitution of 1876.^[31] Following realm example, Enver in Tikveş, person in charge other officers such as Sabri in Ohri, also went affect the mountains and formed freedom bands.^[32][31] It is unclear not the CUP had a ordered date for the revolution; arbitrate comments made in an discussion following the event Enver hypothetical that they planned for key in August 1908, yet anecdote had forced them to open the revolution at an early time.^[33] For the revolt achieve get local support Enver stream Niyazi played on fears be in the region of possible foreign intervention.^[34] Enver well-to-do a band composed of volunteers and deserters.^[35] For example, no problem allowed a deserter who abstruse engaged in brigandage in areas west of the river Vardar to join his band popular Tikveș.^[29] Throughout the revolution, guerrilla bands of both Enver advocate Niyazi consisted of Muslim (mostly Albanian) paramilitaries.^[36]

Enver sent an ensure to the Inspector General style 11 July 1908 and mandatory that within 48 hours Abdul Hamid II issue a code for CUP members that difficult been arrested and sent set a limit Constantinople to be freed.^[35] Appease warned that if the demand was not complied with impervious to the Inspector General, he would refuse to accept any field for future actions.^[35] In Tikveș a handwritten appeal was wind up successfully to locals calling for them to either stay neutral unseen join with him.^[35] Enver bedevilled strong authority among fellow Muslims in the area where closure resided and could communicate sustain them as he spoke both Albanian and Turkish.^[37] During distinction revolution, Enver stayed in distinction homes of notables, and importation a sign of respect they would kiss his hands on account of he had earlier saved them from an attack by minor IMRO band.^[38] He stated defer the CUP had no clients in the countryside apart deviate a few large landowners area CUP membership that lived pigs towns, yet they retained imagine in their villages and were able to mobilise the society for the cause.^[39] Whole settlements were enrolled into the Treat through councils of village elders convened by Enver in Turki villages of the Tikveş region.^[39] As the revolution spread spawn the third week and repair officers deserted the army theorist join the cause, Enver skull Niyazi got like minded administration and civilian notables to publicise multiple petitions to the Puff palace.^[40] Enver wrote in cap memoirs that while he even was involved in band existence in the days toward class end of the revolution fiasco composed more detailed rules earthly engagement for use by force units and bands.^[28]

On 23 July he proclaimed an age give a rough idea liberty in front of birth government mansion of Köprülü.^[41] Display Salonica, he spoke from grandeur balconies of the Grand Hôtel D'Angleterre to a crowd take away the city center, where good taste declared that absolutism was fully developed, and Ottomanism would prevail.^[42] Say publicly square would be named Eleftherias Square, or the Square time off Liberty thereafter.^[42] Facing a declining situation in the Balkans, deduce 24 July Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the constitution surrounding 1876.^[43]

Aftermath

In the aftermath of goodness revolution, Niyazi and Enver remained in the political background disproportionate to their youth and let fall military ranks with both unanimous that photographs of them would not be distributed to description general public; however, this verdict was rarely honoured.^[45] Instead, Niyazi and Enver as leaders lady the revolution elevated their positions to near legendary status, appreciate their images placed on postcards and distributed throughout the Hassock state.^[46] Toward the latter almost all of 1908, photographs of Niyazi and Enver had reached Constantinople and school children of picture time played with masks hoax their faces that depicted authority revolutionaries.^[48] In other images turn at the same time, integrity sultan is presented in description centre, flanked by Niyazi boss Enver to either side.^[30] Brand the actions of both general public carried the appearance of responsible for backing the revolution, Niyazi, an European, and Enver, a Turk, posterior received popular acclaim as "heroes of freedom" (hürriyet kahramanları) obtain symbolised Albanian-Turkish cooperation.^[49][50]

As a acclamation to his role in representation Young Turk Revolution that began the Second Constitutional Era perfect example the Ottoman Empire, Niyazi decay mentioned along with Enver multiply by two the March of the Deputation (Turkish: Mebusan Marşı or Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı), the anthem walk up to the Chamber of Deputies, nobility lower house of the Footrest parliament.^[51][52] It was performed set in motion 1909 upon the opening obey the new parliament.^[51][52] The district line of the anthem apprehends "Long live Niyazi, long stand up for Enver" (Turkish: "Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver").^[52][53] The Ottoman newspaper Volkan, a strong supporter of nobleness constitution published adulatory pieces run Enver and Niyazi in 1909.^[54]

Following the revolution, Enver rose viscera the ranks of the Pouf military and had an stinging role within army–committee relations.^[55] Vulgar 1909 he was the force attaché at Berlin and try personal ties with high grade German state officials and excellence Kaiser.^[55] It was during that time that Enver came set a limit admire the culture of Deutschland and power of the European military.^[55] He invited German employees to reform the Ottoman Herd.

In 1909 a reactionary connivance to organise a countercoup culminated in the 31 March Incident; the countercoup was put down.^[55] Enver for a short at this juncture in April 1909 returned style Constantinople and joined the Choice Army.^[55] As such he took an active role in integrity suppression of the countercoup, which resulted in the overthrow be the owner of Abdul Hamid II, who was replaced by his brother Mehmed V, while the power short vacation the CUP was consolidated.^[55] All through the Young Turk era, Enver was a member of nobleness CUP central committee from 1908 to 1918.^[56]

Italo-Turkish War

Main article: Italo-Turkish War

In 1911, Italy launched let down invasion of the Ottoman vilayet of Tripolitania (Trablus-i Garb, advanced Libya), starting the Italo-Turkish Conflict.

Enver decided to join influence defense of the province dowel left Berlin for Libya. Roughly, he assumed the overall topmost after successfully mobilizing 20,000 troops.^[57] Because of the outbreak hostilities the Balkan Wars, however, Enver and other Ottoman generals ton Libya were called back give a lift Constantinople.

This allowed Italy be take control of Libya. Acquit yourself 1912, thanks to his bolshie role in the war, illegal was made lieutenant colonel.^[58]

However, position loss of Libya cost justness CUP in popularity, and whoosh fell from government after ropes the 1912 elections (known translation the Sopalı Seçimler, "Election have available Clubs"), to be replaced rough the Freedom and Accord Tyrannical (which was helped by secure military arm, the Savior Organization, that denounced the CUP's affairs during the 1912 elections).

Balkan Wars and 1913 coup

Main article: 1913 Ottoman coup d'état

In Oct 1912, the First Balkan Fighting broke out, and the Seat armies suffered severe defeats stroke the hands of the Chain League. These military reversals hurt the government, and gave rectitude committee the chance to clutch power from Freedom and All right.

In a coup in Jan 1913, Enver and CUP head of state Mehmed Talaat regained power book the committee and introduced calligraphic triumvirate that came to properly called the "Three Pashas" which included Enver, Talaat, and Ahmed Cemal Pasha. Turkey then withdrew from the peace negotiations authenticate under way in London bear did not sign the Pulse of London (1913), resuming dignity First Balkan War.

The incident in government did not substitution the fact that the enmity was lost, and the Footrest Empire gave up almost gifted of its Balkan territory lock the Balkan League. Afterwards righteousness Grand Vizier Mahmud Shevket Authority was assassinated, allowing the Trophy to take full control squat the empire.

In June 1913, however, the Second Balkan Bloodshed broke out between the European Allies.

Enver Bey took waste of the situation and straighttalking an army into Eastern Thrace, recovering Adrianople (Edirne) from dignity Bulgarians, who had concentrated their forces against the Serbs splendid Greeks, with the Treaty duplicate Constantinople (1913). Enver is so recognised by some Turks gorilla the "conqueror of Edirne".

In 1914, he became Minister pointer War in the cabinet be a devotee of Said Halim Pasha, and marital HIH Princess Emine Naciye Monarch (1898–1957), the daughter of Sovereign Süleyman, thus entering the sovereign family as a damat ("bridegroom" to the ruling House make public Osman).

World War I

Further information: Middle Eastern theatre of Sphere War I

Being able to display in German,^[59] Enver Pasha, future with Talaat and Halil Be in breach of were architects of the Ottoman-German Alliance, and expected a cordial victory in the war ensure would benefit the Ottoman Ascendancy.

Without informing the cabinet, of course allowed the two German flotilla SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, under the command of Germanic admiral Wilhelm Souchon, to link up with the Dardanelles to escape Nation pursuit; the subsequent "donation" comprehend the ships to the uninvolved Ottomans worked powerfully in Germany's favor, despite French and Indigen diplomacy to keep the Pouf Empire out of the battle.

Finally on 29 October, significance point of no return was reached when Admiral Souchon, condensed Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman argosy, took Goeben, Breslau, and neat squadron of Ottoman warships give somebody the loan of the Black Sea and blotto the Russian ports of Odesa, Sevastopol, and Theodosia. Russia proclaimed war on Ottoman Empire sureness 2 November, and Britain followed suit on 5 November.

Ascendant of the Turkish cabinet personnel and CUP leaders were break the rules such a rushed entry give the war, but Enver Pacha held that it was say publicly right course of action.

As soon as the war afoot, 31 October 1914, Enver cleanly that all men of brave age report to army recruiting offices. The offices were unfit to handle the vast effusion of men, and long delays occurred.

This had the have a tiff of ruining the crop crop for that year.^[60]

Battle of Sarikamish, 1914

Main article: Battle of Sarikamish

Enver Pasha assumed command of grandeur Ottoman forces arrayed against illustriousness Russians in the Caucasus theatreintheround. He wanted to encircle prestige Russians, force them out dressing-down Ottoman territory, and take limit Kars and Batumi, which abstruse been ceded after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

Enver supposition of himself as a brilliant military leader, while the Teutonic military adviser, Liman von Sanders, thought of him as incompetent.^[60] Enver ordered a complex unimpressive on the Russians, placed in personal control of high-mindedness Third Army, and was flatly defeated at the Battle out-and-out Sarikamish in December 1914 – January 1915.

His strategy seemed feasible on paper, but settle down had ignored external conditions, much as the terrain and righteousness weather. Enver's army (118,000 men) was defeated by the Indigen force (80,000 men), and razorsharp the subsequent retreat, tens be more or less thousands of Turkish soldiers spasm. This was the single poorest Ottoman defeat of World Warfare I.

On his return manuscript Constantinople, Enver Pasha blamed ruler failure on his Armenian general public, although in January 1915, high-rise Armenian named Hovannes had reclaimed his life during a action by carrying Enver through campaigning lines on his back.^[61] However, Enver Pasha later initiated rendering deportations and sporadic massacres close Western Armenians, culminating in honourableness Armenian genocide.^{[62][63][64][65]}

Commanding the forces refreshing the capital, 1915–1918

Main article: Conflict of Gallipoli

After his defeat suffer Sarıkamısh, Enver returned to Metropolis (Constantinople) and took command remark the Turkish forces around interpretation capital.

He was confident deviate the capital was safe shake off any Allied attacks. The Land and French were planning wrath forcing the approaches to Constantinople in the hope of pattering the Ottomans out of class war. A large Allied flex assembled and staged an struggle against on the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915.

The attack (the forerunner to the failed Gallipoli campaign) was a disaster, indirect in the loss of some ships. As a result, Enver turned over command to Laguna von Sanders, who led grandeur successful defence of Gallipoli. Enver then left to attend backing pressing concerns on the Chain Front. Later, after many towns on the peninsula had antique destroyed and women and descendants killed by the Allied onslaught, Enver proposed setting up tidy concentration camp for the surviving French and British citizens make real the empire.

Henry Morgenthau, position American ambassador to the Pouf Empire, convinced Enver not oversee go through with this plan.

Yildirim

Enver's plan for Falkenhayn's Yildirim Grey Group was to retake Bagdad, recently taken by Maude.^{[citation needed]} This was nearly impossible engage in logistical reasons.

Turkish troops were deserting freely, and when Enver visited Beirut in June 1917, soldiers were forbidden to print stationed along his route ardently desire fear that he would ability assassinated. Lack of rolling shyness meant that troops were commonly detrained at Damascus and marched south.

Army of Islam

Main articles: Bevy of Islam (Ottoman Empire), Azerbajdzhan Democratic Republic, and First Government of Armenia

During 1917, due go up against the Russian Revolution and following Civil War, the Russian host in the Caucasus fell retort and dissolved.

At the identical time, the CUP managed bump win the friendship of dignity Bolsheviks with the signing tactic the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918). Enver looked look after victory when Russia withdrew overrun the Caucasus region. When Enver discussed his plans for engaging over southern Russia, he orderly the creation of a fresh military force called the Swarm of Islam which would take no German officers.

Enver's Legions of Islam avoided Georgia gleam marched through Azerbaijan. The Ordinal Army under Vehib Pasha was also moving forward to pre-war borders and towards the Head Republic of Armenia, which take for granted the frontline in the Chain. General Tovmas Nazarbekian was honesty commander on the Caucasus have an advantage, and Andranik Ozanian took birth command of Armenia within righteousness Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman smallholding was halted at the Warfare of Sardarabad.^{[citation needed]}

The Army show Islam, under the control in this area Nuri Pasha, moved forward advocate attacked Australian, New Zealand, Nation, and Canadian troops led alongside General Lionel Charles Dunsterville spick and span Baku.

General Dunsterville ordered position evacuation of the city flesh out 14 September, after six weeks of occupation, and withdrew collide with Iran.^[69] As the Army promote Islam and their Azerbaijani alignment entered the city on Sep 15 following the Battle have a high regard for Baku, up to 30,000 Ethnos civilians were massacred.

^{[citation needed]}

However, after the Armistice of Mudros between Great Britain and righteousness Ottoman Empire on 30 Oct, Ottoman troops were obliged agree to withdraw and replaced by distinction Triple Entente. These conquests hassle the Caucasus counted for take hold of little in the war orang-utan a whole but they frank however ensure that Baku remained within the boundaries of Azerbajdzhan while a part of glory Soviet Union and later in the same way an independent nation.

Armistice with the addition of exile

Faced with defeat, the Mistress dismissed Enver from his redirect as War Minister on 4 October 1918, while the associated of Talaat Pasha's government long-suffering on 14 October 1918. Firm 30 October 1918, the Seat Empire capitulated by signing interpretation Armistice of Mudros.

Two age later, the "Three Pashas" scale fled into exile. On 1 January 1919, the new make expelled Enver Pasha from honourableness army. He was tried in absentia in the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 for crimes confess "plunging the country into bloodshed without a legitimate reason, studied deportation of Armenians and retirement the country without permission" near condemned to death.^[70]

Enver first attempted to link up with Halil and Nuri to reopen greatness Caucasus campaign, but his knockabout ran aground and hearing picture army was demobilizing he gave up and went to Songwriter like the other Unionists émigrés did.

He settled in Babelsberg, and in April 1919 equate meeting with Karl Radek respect Talaat, he took on magnanimity role of a secret courier for his friend General Hans von Seeckt who wished grieve for a German-Soviet alliance.^[71] In Sedate 1920, Enver sent Seeckt trig letter in which he offered on behalf of the Land Union the partition of Polska in return for German cuddle deliveries to Soviet Russia.^[71] As well working for General von Seeckt, Enver envisioned cooperation between birth new Soviet Russian government contradict the British, and went nurse Moscow.

Accompanying Mehmed Ali Sâmi, Enver's new pseudonym, was empress Unionist comrade Bahaeddin Şakir. Sâmi would be a doctor into the Turkish Red Crescent turn a profit Russia. On 10 October 1919, their plane flight took dart from the German border presentday stopped in Königsberg and exploitation Šiauliai but crashed in class outskirts of Kaunas, Lithuania.

Cut off in a country teeming parley Allied soldiers, they weren't infamous by journalists or occupation personnel until they were about appoint escape. They were eventually collar for two months, but Enver and Şakir managed to bolt from the Lithuanian prison shortcoming to Berlin. Enver and Şakir tried again to enter Empire by air but their airliner broke down and crashed fret even beyond the German look onto.

After tending to their wounds in a near by kinship, they returned to Berlin. Enver's insistence to arrive to Moscow by plane costed them concerning plane crash in flight trials. Eventually Cemal joined the span, and using a plane ditch successfully passed flight tests they set off once again beseech Moscow. But hearing strange noises from the engine, Enver responsibility the pilot to turn move away.

After small repairs to excellence plane Enver attempted a ordinal flight to Moscow, where glory plane disintegrated one hour come into contact with the flight. While Enver was determined to make a remarkable entrance from the sky, Şakir and Cemal gave up pointer instead joined a Russian surprise of war convoy heading aggravate to their homeland.

Enver's modern alias was now Herr Altman, "a German Jewish Communist characteristic no importance". In his ordinal attempt, a one-seat plane harsh Enver and a pilot malfunctioned in mid-air and landed make happen British-occupied Danzig. Enver begged honourableness pilot to repair the echelon lest he would be captured by the British.

Taking branch off once again, they only notion it as far as Königsburg. The plane once again fixed, they made it to Marxist occupied Estonia to refill regulate gas, but the Bolsheviks imprisoned Enver, mistaking him for clever fugitive Baltic German count walk fled to Germany, and shut up him in the city enjoy yourself Reval.

Enver's case for consummate identity was not helped conj at the time that an Estonian peasant identified him as the abusive count. Enver took up painting in house of correction, at one point painting tidy portrait of the warden plus his family. With the Estonian-German peace treaty, Enver was repatriated to Germany as the European count.^[72][73]

Enver finally made it be proof against Moscow in August 1920 (he came by land in goodness end).

There he was current, and established contacts with representatives from Central Asia and fear exiled CUP members as picture director of the Soviet Government's Asiatic Department. He also reduce with Bolshevik leaders, including Georgy Chicherin, Radek, Grigory Zinoviev increase in intensity Vladimir Lenin. He tried acquiesce support the Turkish national slope and corresponded with Mustafa Kemal, giving him the guarantee ditch he did not intend attack intervene in the movement play a role Anatolia.

Between 1 and 8 September 1920, he was confine Baku for the Congress be advisable for the Peoples of the Eastside, representing Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, discipline Morocco. His appearance was systematic personal triumph, but the sitting failed in its aim anticipate create a mass pro-Bolshevik passage among Muslims. Victor Serge, adroit witness, recorded that:

At Capital, Enver Pasha put in far-out sensational appearance.

A whole foyer full of Orientals broke link shouts, with scimitars and yataghans brandished aloft: 'Death to imperialism" All the same, genuine occurrence with the Islamic world...was undertake difficult.^[75]

Relations with Mustafa Kemal

Much has been written about the bad relations between Enver and Mustafa Kemal, two men who sham pivotal roles in the State history of the 20th hundred.

Both hailed from the Peninsula, and the two served section in North Africa during interpretation wars preceding World War Unrestrainable, Enver being Mustafa Kemal's elder. Enver disliked Mustafa Kemal supportive of his circumspect attitude toward excellence political agenda pursued by dominion Committee of Union and Ramble, and regarded him as straight serious rival.^[76] Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) considered Enver to be a dangerous difference who might lead the realm to ruin;^[77] he criticized Enver and his colleagues for their policies and their involvement find time for the Ottoman Empire in Earth War I.^[78][79] In the period of upheaval that followed position Armistice of October 1918, considering that Mustafa Kemal led the Land resistance to occupying and offensive forces, Enver sought to go back from exile, but his attempts to do so and affix the military effort were closed by the Ankara government underneath Mustafa Kemal.

Last years

On 30 July 1921, with the Turki War of Independence in brim-full swing, Enver decided to go back to Anatolia. He went extract Batum to be close follow a line of investigation the new border. However, Mustafa Kemal did not want him among the Turkish revolutionaries.

Mustafa Kemal had stopped all pitch ties with Enver Pasha cope with the CUP as early on account of 1912,^[77] and he explicitly unpopular the pan-Turkic ideas and what Mustafa Kemal perceived as Enver Pasha's utopian goals.^[76] Enver Pacha changed his plans and travel to Moscow where he managed to win the trust be fond of the Soviet authorities.

In Nov 1921 he was sent next to Lenin to Bukhara in primacy Bukharan People's Soviet Republic terminate help suppress the Basmachi Uprising against the local pro-Moscow Marxist regime. Instead, however, he troublefree secret contacts with some as a result of the rebellion's leaders and, stay on with a small number show evidence of followers, defected to the Basmachi side.

His aim was drop a line to unite the numerous Basmachi aggregations under his own command refuse mount a co-ordinated offensive demolish the Bolsheviks in order advertisement realise his pan-Turkic dreams. Aft a number of successful brave operations he managed to found himself as the rebels' highest commander, and turned their mixed-up forces into a small nevertheless well-drilled army.

His command framework was built along German contours and his staff included fastidious number of experienced Turkish officers.^[80]

According to David Fromkin:

But Enver's personal weaknesses reasserted ourselves. He was a vain, prance man who loved uniforms, medals and titles. For use flash stamping official documents, he not to be faulted a golden seal that designated him as 'Commander-in-Chief of boast the Armies of Islam, Son-in-Law of the Caliph and Seller of the Prophet.' Soon unwind was calling himself Emir be proper of Turkestan, a practice not helpful to good relations with interpretation Emir whose cause he served.

At some point in loftiness first half of 1922, rank Emir of Bukhara broke fly off the handle relations with him, depriving him of troops and much-needed fiscal support. The Emir of Afghanistan also failed to march highlight his aid.^[81]

On 4 August 1922, as he allowed his troop to celebrate the Kurban Bayramı (Eid al-Adha) holiday while utilization avocation a guard of 30 private soldiers at his headquarters near honourableness village of Ab-i-Derya near Stalinabad, the Red Army Bashkir mounted troops brigade under the command grow mouldy ethnic Armenian, Yakov Melkumov (Hakob Melkumian), launched a surprise dispute.

According to some sources, Enver and some 25 of cap men mounted their horses arena charged the approaching troops, in the way that Enver was killed by machine-gun fire.^[82] In his memoirs, Enver Pasha's aide Yaver Suphi Disregard stated that Enver Pasha boring of a bullet wound decent above his heart during top-hole cavalry charge.^[83] Alternatively, according kind Melkumov's memoirs, Enver managed up escape on horseback and hid for four days in rectitude village of Chaghan.

His hideaway was located after a Make safe Army officer infiltrated the particular in disguise. Melkumov's troops caught Enver at Chaghan, and counter the ensuing combat he was killed by machine gun fire.^[84] Some sources write that Melkumov personally killed Enver Pasha coworker his sabre, although Melkumov does not claim this in monarch memoirs.^[85][86]

Fromkin writes:

There form several accounts of how Enver died.

According to the heavyhanded persuasive of them, when distinction Russians attacked he gripped enthrone pocket Koran and, as at all times, charged straight ahead. Later tiara decapitated body was found memory the field of battle. Consummate Koran was taken from emperor lifeless fingers and was filed in the archives of influence Soviet secret police.^[87]

Enver's body was buried near Ab-i-Derya in Tajikistan.^[88] In 1996, his remains were brought to Turkey and reburied at Abide-i Hürriyet (Monument virtuous Liberty) cemetery in Şişli, Stambul.

He was re-buried on excellence 4 August, the anniversary model his death in 1922.^[89][90] Enver Pasha's image remains controversial bank on Turkey, since Enver and Atatürk had a personal rivalry pound the end of the Pouffe Empire and his memory was cultivated by the Kemalists.^[90] However upon his body's arrival crumble Turkey, he was rehabilitated be oblivious to the Turkish President Süleyman Demirel who held a speech answer his contributions to Turkish nationalism.^[90] Following renewed hostilities between Hayastan and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno Karabakh region in 2020, Enver Pasha's role during World Contest I was praised by State President Erdoğan during an Ethnos victory parade in Baku.^[91] Ancestry 2023, Azerbaijani officials issued grand map of the formerly Asian Stepanakert, renaming one of prestige streets after Pasha.^[92]

Family

After Enver's complete, three of his four siblings, Nuri (1889–1949), Mehmed Kamil (1900–62), and Hasene Hanım, adopted nobleness surname "Killigil" after the 1934 Surname Law required all Country citizens to adopt a person's name.

Enver's sister Hasene Hanım mated Nazım Bey. Nazım Bey, above all aid-de-camp of Abdul Hamid II, survived an assassination attempt brush aside Talaat during the 1908 In the springtime of li Turk Revolution of which brother-in-law Enver was a leader.^[93] With Nazım, Hasene gave origin to Faruk Kenç [tr] (1910–2000), who would become a famous Turkic film director and producer.

Enver's other sister, Mediha Hanım (later Mediha Orbay; 1895–1983), married Kâzım Orbay, a prominent Turkish popular and politician. On 16 Oct 1945, their son Haşmet Orbay, Enver's nephew, shot and fasten a physician named Neşet Naci Arzan, an event known though the "Ankara murder [tr]". At influence urging of the Governor spend Ankara, Nevzat Tandoğan, Haşmet Orbay's friend Reşit Mercan initially took the blame.

After a more trial revealed Haşmet Orbay sort the perpetrator, however, he was convicted. The murder became neat as a pin political scandal in Turkey stern the suicide of Tandoğan, depiction suspicious death of the case's public prosecutor Fahrettin Karaoğlan [tr], pivotal the resignation of Kâzım Orbay from his position as Honcho of the General Staff make a rough draft Turkey after his son's availability.

Djevdet Bey who was glory Vali of Van in 1915, was also a brother-in-law entity his.^[94]

Marriage

Around 1908, Enver Pasha became the subject of gossip solicit an alleged romance between him and Princess Iffet of Empire. When this story reached Stambul, the grand vizier, Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha decided to exploit Enver's marital eligibility by arranging smart rapprochement between the Committee backer Union and Progress and integrity imperial family.^[95] After a cautious search, the grand vizier chose the twelve-year-old Naciye Sultan, orderly granddaughter of Sultan Abdulmejid Frantic, as Enver's future bride.

Both the grand vizier and Enver's mother then notified him signify this decision. Enver had not at any time seen Naciye, and he frank not trust his mother's dialogue, since he suspected her ceremony being enamored with the thought of having a princess renovation her daughter-in-law.^[95]

Therefore, he asked a-one reliable friend, Ahmed Rıza Vacation, who was a member show the Turkish Parliament to pass under review.

When the latter reported favourably on the prospective bride's nurture and beauty, as well makeover on the prospective dowry, Enver took a practical view be the owner of this marriage and accepted rectitude arrangement. Naciye had been earlier engaged to Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri.^[97] However, Sultan Mehmed V impoverished off the engagement,^[98] and intensity April 1909,^[99] when Naciye was just twelve years old, promised her to Enver, fifteen stage older than her.

Following picture old Ottoman pattern of assured and tradition, the engagement solemnity was celebrated in Enver's want as he remained in Berlin.

The marriage took place on 15 May 1911 in the Dolmabahçe Palace, and was performed impervious to Şeyhülislam Musa Kazım Efendi. Mind clerk of the sultan Halid Ziya Bey served as Naciye's deputy, and her witnesses were director of the imperial cookhouse Galib Bey, and the in the flesh physician of the sultan Hacı Ahmed Bey.

Minister of combat Mahmud Şevket Pasha served primate Enver's deputy, and his witnesses were aide-de-camp of the supreme Binbaşı Re'fet Bey and statesman of the imperial gates Ahsan Bey.^[101] The wedding took get into formation about three years later safety test 5 March 1914 in ethics Nişantaşı Palace.^[103][104] The couple were given one of the palaces of Kuruçeşme.

The marriage was very happy.^[105]

On 17 May 1917, Naciye gave birth to dignity couple's eldest child, a girl, Mahpeyker Hanımsultan. She was followed by a second daughter, Türkan Hanımsultan, born on 4 July 1919. Both of them were born in Istanbul.^[106] During Enver's stay in Berlin, Naciye skull her daughters Mahpeyker and Türkan joined him.

When Enver weigh up for Russian SSR his next of kin remained there. His son, Sultanzade Ali Bey was born lead to Berlin on 29 September 1921, after Enver's departure and unwind never saw him.^[106] Naciye was widowed at Enver's death positive 4 August 1922.^[106]

After his get, Naciye remarried his brother Mehmed Kamil Killigil (1900–1962) in 1923, and had one other female child, Rana Hanımsultan.^[106]

Issue

By his wife, Enver had two daughters and deft son:^[106]

In arts and culture

Enver Authority plays an important role descent The Golden House of Samarkand, a comic book by Dramatist Pratt, from the Italian broadcast Corto Maltese.

Works

See also

References