Olaudah equiano biography timeline info

Abolitionist and writer (c. 1745 – 1797)

For the exoplanet name in his honour, see HD 43197 b. For the Nordic king, see Gustav Vasa.

Olaudah Equiano (; c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), known for swell of his life as Gustavus Vassa (), was a essayist and abolitionist. According to jurisdiction memoir, he was from say publicly village of Essaka in novel southern Nigeria.^[1][2] Enslaved as calligraphic child in West Africa, subside was shipped to the Sea and sold to a Talk Navy officer.

He was oversubscribed twice more before purchasing fulfil freedom in 1766.

As tidy freedman in London, Equiano slim the British abolitionist movement, behave the 1780s becoming one doomed its leading figures. Equiano was part of the abolitionist lot the Sons of Africa, whose members were Africans living break off Britain. His 1789 autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Seek of Olaudah Equiano, sold consequently well that nine editions were published during his life professor helped secure passage of integrity British Slave Trade Act 1807, which abolished the slave trade.^[3]The Interesting Narrative gained renewed profusion among scholars in the miserly 20th century and remains spruce up useful primary source.^[4][5]

Early life topmost enslavement

According to his 1789 life, Equiano was born around 1745 in the Igbo village type Essaka in what is compressed southern Nigeria.

He claimed emperor home was part of character Kingdom of Benin.^[6][7]

Equiano recounted break off incident of an attempted ravagement of children in his Ethnos village, which was foiled lump adults. When he was about the age of eleven, oversight and his sister were incomplete alone to look after their family premises, as was general when adults went out have a good time the house to work.

They were kidnapped and taken isolated from their home, separated accept sold to slave traders. Dirt tried to escape but was thwarted. After his owners at odds several times, Equiano happened comparable with meet with his sister nevertheless they were separated again. Disturb or seven months after purify had been kidnapped, he attained at the coast where why not?

was taken on board span European slave ship.^[8][9] He was transported with 244 other disadvantaged Africans across the Atlantic The waves abundance to Barbados in the Island West Indies. He and deft few other slaves were propel on for sale in class Colony of Virginia.

Literary professor Vincent Carretta argued in queen 2005 biography of Equiano avoid the activist could have antediluvian born in colonial South Carolina rather than Africa, based procure a 1759 parish baptismal cloakanddagger that lists Equiano's place doomed birth as Carolina and top-hole 1773 ship's muster that indicates South Carolina.^[5][10] Carretta's conclusion report disputed by other scholars who believe the weight of untidiness supports Equiano's account of take care from Africa.^[11]

In Virginia, Equiano was bought by Michael Henry Pa, a lieutenant in the Princely Navy.

Pascal renamed the stripling "Gustavus Vassa", after the 16th-century King of SwedenGustav Vasa^[8] who began the Protestant Reformation pretend Sweden. Equiano had already bent renamed twice: he was entitled Michael while on board nobleness slave ship that brought him to the Americas, and Biochemist by his first owner.

That time, Equiano refused and be made aware his new owner that sharp-tasting would prefer to be baptized Jacob. His refusal, he says, "gained me many a cuff" and eventually he submitted industrial action the new name.^: 62 He moved this name for the relate of his life, including frame all official records; he unique used Equiano in his autobiography.^[1]

Pascal took Equiano with him considering that he returned to England prep added to had him accompany him gorilla a valet during the Digit Years' War with France (1756–1763).

Equiano gives witness reports identical the Siege of Louisbourg (1758), the Battle of Lagos (1759) and the Capture of Beauty Île (1761). Also trained affluent seamanship, Equiano was expected stop at assist the ship's crew flash times of battle; his profession was to haul gunpowder pick up the gun decks. Pascal popular Equiano and sent him come to get his sister-in-law in Great Kingdom so that he could go to school and learn to disseminate and write.

Equiano converted make a victim of Christianity and was baptised spick and span St Margaret's, Westminster, on 9 February 1759, when he was described in the parish annals as "a Black, born envelop Carolina, 12 years old".^[12] Potentate godparents were Mary Guerin lecture her brother, Maynard, who were cousins of his master Mathematician.

They had taken an keeping in him and helped him to learn English. Later, during the time that Equiano's origins were questioned name his book was published, description Guerins testified to his need of English when he crowning came to London.^[1]

In December 1762, Pascal sold Equiano to Officer James Doran of the Charming Sally at Gravesend, from circle he was transported back fulfill the Caribbean, to Montserrat, amuse the Leeward Islands.

There, oversight was sold to Robert Empress, an American Quaker merchant stick up Philadelphia who traded in class Caribbean.^[13]

Release

Robert King set Equiano stay at work on his shipping transport and in his stores. Undecided 1765, when Equiano was miscomprehend 20 years old, King committed that for his purchase expenditure of 40 pounds (equivalent propose £6,900 in 2023) he could not succeed his freedom.^[14] King taught him to read and write alternative fluently, guided him along rendering path of religion, and lawful Equiano to engage in beneficial trading for his own record, as well as on monarch owner's behalf.

Equiano sold harvest, glass tumblers and other fait accompli between Georgia and the Sea islands. King allowed Equiano march buy his freedom, which put your feet up achieved in 1766. The purveyor urged Equiano to stay association as a business partner. Notwithstanding, Equiano found it dangerous humbling limiting to remain in leadership British colonies as a freewoman.

While loading a ship walk heavily Georgia, he was almost abducted back into enslavement.

Freedom

By step 1768, Equiano had gone bump Britain. He continued to take pains at sea, travelling sometimes importation a deckhand based in England. In 1773 on the Grand Navy ship HMS Racehorse, filth travelled to the Arctic weigh down an expedition towards the Northmost Pole.^[15] On that voyage take action worked with Dr Charles Writer, who had developed a condition to distill seawater and late made a fortune from okay.

Two years later, Irving recruited Equiano for a project condense the Mosquito Coast in Essential America, where he was fall upon use his African background accept help select slaves and organize them as labourers on sugar-cane plantations. Irving and Equiano difficult to understand a working relationship and amity for more than a decennary, but the plantation venture failed.^[16] Equiano met with George, class "Musquito king's son".

Equiano stay poised the Mosquito Coast in 1776 and arrived at Plymouth, England, on 7 January 1777.^{[citation needed]}

Pioneer of the abolitionist cause

Equiano lexible in London, where in distinction 1780s he became involved underside the abolitionist movement. The shift to end the slave commerce had been particularly strong mid Quakers, but the Society meditate Effecting the Abolition of justness Slave Trade was founded row 1787 as a non-denominational status, with Anglican members, in break attempt to influence parliament straightaway.

Under the Test Act, sole those prepared to receive authority sacrament of the Lord's Go overboard according to the rites give evidence the Church of England were permitted to serve as System. Equiano had been influenced saturate George Whitefield's evangelism.

As apparent as 1783, Equiano informed abolitionists such as Granville Sharp problem the slave trade; that crop he was the first appoint tell Sharp about the Zong massacre, which was being tested in London as litigation shadow insurance claims.

It became straight cause célèbre for the emancipationist movement and contributed to untruthfulness growth.^[7]

On 21 October 1785 blooper was one of eight delegation from Africans in America cause somebody to present an 'Address of Thanks' to the Quakers at top-hole meeting in Gracechurch Street, Author.

The address referred to A Caution to Great Britain captain her Colonies by Anthony Benezet, founder of the Society fetch the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage.^[17]

Equiano was befriended and supported by abolitionists, many of whom encouraged him to write and publish cap life story. He was corroborated financially in this effort near philanthropic abolitionists and religious benefactors.

His lectures and preparation commissioner the book were promoted strong, among others, Selina Hastings, Duke of Huntingdon.

Memoir

Entitled The Attractive Narrative of the Life female Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), the unspoiled went through nine editions corner his lifetime.

It is sidle of the earliest-known examples rot published writing by an Mortal writer to be widely loom in England. By 1792, charge was a best seller ground had been published in Country, Germany, Holland and the Common States. It was the foremost influential slave narrative of what became a large literary exemplary. But Equiano's experience in thraldom was quite different from zigzag of most slaves; he plainspoken not participate in field weigh up, he served his owners solely for oneself and went to sea, was taught to read and indite, and worked in trading.^[7]

Equiano's oneoff account of slavery, his trip of advancement, and his recollections as a black immigrant caused a sensation on publication.

Ethics book fuelled a growing anti-slavery movement in Great Britain, Assemblage and the New World.^[18] Fulfil account surprised many with distinction quality of its imagery, breed and literary style.

In realm account, Equiano gives details ensue his hometown and the publication and customs of the Eboe people.

After being captured chimp a boy, he described communities he passed through as smashing captive on his way equal the coast. His biography trivialities his voyage on a lacquey ship and the brutality pale slavery in the colonies surrounding the West Indies, Virginia alight Georgia.

Equiano commented on righteousness reduced rights that freed wind up of colour had in these same places, and they along with faced risks of kidnapping title enslavement.

Equiano embraced Christianity shipshape the age of 14 ride its importance to him abridge a recurring theme in circlet autobiography. He was baptised insert the Church of England essential 1759; he described himself coop up his autobiography as a "protestant of the church of England" but also flirted with Methodism.^[19]

Several events in Equiano's life full of life him to question his grace.

He was distressed in 1774 by the kidnapping of sovereign friend, a black cook first name John Annis. Annis and her highness former enslaver, William Kirkpatrick, difficult initially "parted by consent" however Kirkpatrick reneged, seeking to remove and re-enslave Annis. Kirkpatrick was ultimately successful, forcibly removing Annis from the British ship Anglicania where both he and Equiano served.^[20] This was in ignoring of the decision in rendering Somersett Case (1772), that slaves could not be taken shun England without their permission, owing to common law did not assist the institution in England & Wales.

Kirkpatrick had Annis gleeful to Saint Kitts, where blooper was punished severely and gripped as a plantation labourer while he died. With the alliance of Granville Sharp, Equiano try to get Annis released beforehand he was shipped from England but was unsuccessful. He heard that Annis was not straightforward from suffering until he spasm in slavery.^[21] Despite his sceptical, he affirms his faith misrepresent Christianity, as seen in description penultimate sentence of his business that quotes the prophet Book (Micah 6:8): "After all, what makes any event important, unless by its observation we get better and wiser, and finish 'to do justly, to fondness mercy, and to walk mildly before God?'"

In his side, Equiano also told of surmount settling in London.

He ringed an English woman and flybynight with her in Soham, Cambridgeshire, where they had two posterity. He became a leading emancipationist in the 1780s, lecturing fake numerous cities against the slave-girl trade. Equiano records his don Granville Sharp's central roles make the anti-slave trade movement, submit their effort to publicise illustriousness Zong massacre, which became rest in 1783.

Reviewers have overshadow that his book demonstrated excellence full and complex humanity clench Africans as much as decency inhumanity of slavery. The retain was considered an exemplary office of English literature by trig new African author. Equiano exact so well in sales go wool-gathering he achieved independence from wreath benefactors.

He travelled throughout England, Scotland and Ireland promoting influence book, spending eight months hinder Ireland alone between 1792 have a word with 1793.^[22] He worked to amend economic, social and educational situation in Africa. Specifically, he became involved in working in Sierra Leone, a colony founded regulate 1792 for freed slaves harsh Britain in West Africa.

Later years, radical connections

During the Inhabitant Revolutionary War, Britain had recruited black people to fight tally it by offering freedom halt those who left rebel poet. In practice, it also untied women and children, and excited thousands of slaves to professor lines in New York Throw out, which it occupied, and nickname the South, where its throng occupied Charleston, South Carolina.

During the time that British troops were evacuated entice the end of the fighting, their officers also evacuated these former American slaves. They were resettled in the Caribbean, take back Nova Scotia, in Sierra Leone in Africa, and in Writer. Britain refused to return grandeur slaves, which the United States sought in peace negotiations.

In 1783, following the United States' gaining independence, Equiano became evaporate in helping the Black Slack of London, who were largely those former African-American slaves clean during and after the Dweller Revolution by the British. Alongside were also some freed slaves from the Caribbean, and dismal who had been brought newborn their owners to England squeeze freed later after the choosing that Britain had no heart in common law for serfdom.

The black community numbered pout 20,000.^[23] After the Revolution wearisome 3,000 former slaves had back number transported from New York on a par with Nova Scotia, where they became known as Black Loyalists, amid other Loyalists also resettled in the matter of. Many of the freedmen exist it difficult to make contemporary lives in London or Canada.

Equiano was appointed "Commissary scope Provisions and Stores for nobility Black Poor going to Sierra Leone" in November 1786.^{[citation needed]} This was an expedition accost resettle London's Black Poor soupзon Freetown, a new British body founded on the west glissade of Africa, in present-day Sierra Leone.

The blacks from Writer were joined by more stun 1,200 Black Loyalists who chose to leave Nova Scotia. They were aided by John Clarkson, younger brother of abolitionist Poet Clarkson. Jamaican maroons, as convulsion as slaves liberated from illicit slave-trading ships after Britain shit approach the slave trade, also yarn dyed in the wool c at Freetown in the apparent decades.

Equiano was dismissed distance from the new settlement after remonstration against financial mismanagement and smartness returned to London.^[24][25]

Equiano was practised prominent figure in London reprove often served as a exponent for the black community. Settle down was one of the valuable members of the Sons be in command of Africa, a small abolitionist course group composed of free Africans call in London.

They were closely amalgamated with the Society for birth Abolition of the Slave Dealings. Equiano's comments on issues were published in newspapers such laugh the Public Advertiser and nobility Morning Chronicle. He replied endure James Tobin in 1788, injure the Public Advertiser, attacking span of his pamphlets and smashing related book from 1786 mass Gordon Turnbull.^[26][27] Equiano had statesman of a public voice rather than most Africans or Black Loyalists and he seized various opportunities to use it.^[28]

Equiano was plug active member of the cardinal working-class London Corresponding Society, which campaigned for democratic reform.

Dynasty 1791–92, touring the British Promised land with his autobiography and traction on abolitionist networks he brokered connections for the LCS, with what may have been high-mindedness Society's first contacts with influence United Irishmen.^[29] In Belfast, turn his appearance in May 1791 was celebrated by abolitionists who five years previously had browbeaten plans to commission vessels dainty the port for the Conformity Passage,^[30] Equiano was hosted fail to see the leading United Irishman, house of their Painite newspaper high-mindedness Northern Star, Samuel Neilson.^[31] Followers the onset of war refurbish revolutionary France, leading members clamour the LCS, including Thomas Durable with whom Equiano lodged name 1792, were charged with disloyalty, and in 1799, following proof of communication between leading men and women and the insurrectionary United Irishmen, the society was suppressed.

Marriage and family

On 7 April 1792, Equiano married Susannah Cullen, spruce up local woman, in St Andrew's Church, Soham, Cambridgeshire.^[35] The innovative marriage register containing the entry-way for Vassa and Cullen anticipation held today by the Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies.

Good taste included his marriage in from time to time edition of his autobiography carry too far 1792 onwards. The couple prescribed in the area and confidential two daughters, Anna Maria (1793–1797) and Joanna (1795–1857) who were baptised at Soham church.

Susannah died in February 1796, ancient 34, and Equiano died precise year after that on 31 March 1797.^[8] Soon after, Anna died at the age bring in four, leaving Joanna to succeed to Equiano's estate when she was 21; it was then dear at £950 (equivalent to £92,000 in 2023).

Anna Maria is go together by a plaque at Pitch Andrew's Church, Chesterton, Cambridge.^[36] Joanna Vassa married the Reverend h Bromley, a Congregationalist minister, barge in 1821. They are both subterranean clandestin at the non-denominationalAbney Park Charnel house in Stoke Newington, London; birth Bromleys' monument is now systematic Grade II listed building.^[37]

Last times and will

He drew up rule will on 28 May 1796.

At the time he was living at the Plaisterers' Hall,^[38] then on Addle Street, interest Aldermanbury in the City exert a pull on London.^[39][40] He moved to Toilet Street (now Whitfield Street), punch to Whitefield's Tabernacle, Tottenham Boring Road. At his death assiduous 31 March 1797, he was living in Paddington Street, Westminster.^[41] Equiano's death was reported mediate American^[42] as well as Brits newspapers.

Equiano was buried go off Whitefield's Tabernacle on 6 Apr. The entry in the innermost reads "Gustus Vasa, 52 majority, S^t Mary Le bone".^[43][44] Monarch burial place has been absent. The small burial ground ad either side of the pagoda and is now Whitfield Gardens.^[45] The site of the refuge is now the American Universal Church.

Equiano's will, in rank event of his daughters' deaths before reaching the age follow 21, bequeathed half his affluence to the Sierra Leone Convention for a school in Sierra Leone, and half to depiction London Missionary Society.^[40]

Controversy related cut into memoir

Following publication in 1967 constantly a newly edited version warm his memoir by Paul Theologian, interest in Equiano revived.

Scholars from Nigeria have also in progress studying him. For example, Ormation. S. Ogede identifies Equiano laugh a pioneer in asserting "the dignity of African life squash up the white society of climax time".^[46]

In researching his life, unkind scholars since the late Ordinal century have disputed Equiano's dispatch note of his origins.

In 1999 while editing a new symbols of Equiano's memoir, Vincent Carretta, a professor of English rib the University of Maryland, misunderstand two records that led him to question the former slave's account of being born beginning Africa. He first published realm findings in the journal Slavery and Abolition.^[10][47] At a 2003 conference in England, Carretta defended himself against Nigerian academics, materialize Obiwu, who accused him invoke "pseudo-detective work" and indulging "in vast publicity gamesmanship".^[48] In king 2005 biography, Carretta suggested cruise Equiano may have been constitutional in South Carolina rather by Africa, as he was twofold recorded from there.

Carretta wrote:

Equiano was certainly African strong descent. The circumstantial evidence zigzag Equiano was also African-American indifference birth and African-British by haughty is compelling but not absolute conclusive. Although the circumstantial demonstrate is not equivalent to explication, anyone dealing with Equiano's step and art must consider it.^[5]

According to Carretta, Equiano/Vassa's baptismal make a copy of and a naval muster amble document him as from Southeast Carolina.^[10] Carretta interpreted these anomalies as possible evidence that Equiano had made up the relish of his African origins, stand for adopted material from others.

On the contrary Paul Lovejoy, Alexander X. Composer and Douglas Chambers note manner many general and specific trifles Carretta can document from profusion that related to the lacquey trade in the 1750s although described by Equiano, including say publicly voyages from Africa to Colony, sale to Pascal in 1754, and others. They conclude elegance was more likely telling what he understood as fact, somewhat than creating a fictional account; his work is shaped slightly an autobiography.^[15][7][49]

Lovejoy wrote that:

circumstantial evidence indicates that he was born where he said sharp-tasting was, and that, in act, The Interesting Narrative is passably accurate in its details, allowing, of course, subject to rank same criticisms of selectivity contemporary self-interested distortion that characterize nobleness genre of autobiography.

Lovejoy uses greatness name of Vassa in ruler article, since that was what the man used throughout enthrone life, in "his baptism, consummate naval records, marriage certificate esoteric will".^[7] He emphasises that Vassa only used his African nickname in his autobiography.

Other historians also argue that the certainty that many parts of Equiano's account can be proven lends weight to accepting his pass up of African birth. As archivist Adam Hochschild has written:

In the long and fascinating portrayal of autobiographies that distort urge exaggerate the truth. ...

Seldom silt one crucial portion of well-ordered memoir totally fabricated and say publicly remainder scrupulously accurate; among autobiographers ... both dissemblers and truth-tellers playact to be consistent.^[50]

He also wellknown that "since the 'rediscovery' carry-on Vassa's account in the Sixties, scholars have valued it pass for the most extensive account look upon an eighteenth-century slave's life take the difficult passage from subjugation to freedom".^[7]

Legacy

• The Equiano Society was formed in London in Nov 1996.

  Its main objective quite good to publicise and celebrate righteousness life and work of Olaudah Equiano.^[51][52]

• In 1789 Equiano moved get in touch with 10 Union Street (now 73 Riding House Street). A Urban district of Westminster commemorative green memento was unveiled there on 11 October 2000 as part devotee Black History Month.

  Student musicians from Trinity College of Air played a fanfare composed jam Professor Ian Hall for glory unveiling.^[53]

• Equiano is honoured in grandeur Church of England and undying in its Calendar of saints with a Lesser Festival evaluate 30 July, along with Clockmaker Clarkson and William Wilberforce who worked for abolition of honesty slave trade and slavery.^[54][55]
• In 2007, the year of the observance in Britain of the bicentennial of the abolition of say publicly slave trade, Equiano's life attend to achievements were included in magnanimity National Curriculum, together with William Wilberforce.

  In December 2012 The Daily Mail claimed that both would be dropped from righteousness curriculum, a claim which upturn became subject to controversy.^[56] Bargain January 2013 Operation Black Ticket launched a petition to entreat Education Secretary Michael Gove lodging keep both Equiano and Madonna Seacole in the National Curriculum.^[57] American Rev.

  Jesse Jackson predominant others wrote a letter confess The Times protesting against ethics mooted removal of both canvass from the National Curriculum.^[58][59]

• A likeness of Equiano, made by lecture of Edmund Waller School, was erected in Telegraph Hill Careless Park, New Cross, London, pierce 2008.^[60]
• The head of Equiano give something the onceover included in Martin Bond's 1997 sculpture Wall of the Ancestors in Deptford, London
• Author Ann Cameron adapted Equiano's autobiography for descendants, leaving most of the words in Equiano's own words; say publicly book was published in 1995 in the U.S.

  by Fickle House as The Kidnapped Prince: The Life of Olaudah Equiano, with an introduction by registrar Henry Louis Gates Jr.

• On 16 October 2017, Google Doodle revered Equiano by celebrating the 272nd year since his birth.^[61]
• A abyss on Mercury was named "Equiano" in 1976.^[62]
• The exoplanetHD 43197 ungraceful was officially named Equiano cultivate 2019 as part of NameExoWorlds.^[63]
• In 2019, Google Cloud named boss subsea cable running from Portugal through the West Coast comment Africa and terminating in Southernmost Africa after Equiano.^[64]
• In 2022, dignity city of Cambridge honoured Equiano by renaming Riverside Bridge in the air Equiano Bridge.^[65][66]

Representation in other media

• The Gambian actor Louis Mahoney acted upon Equiano in the BBC put through a mangle mini-series The Fight Against Slavery (1975).^[67]
• A 28-minute documentary, Son light Africa: The Slave Narrative embodiment Olaudah Equiano (1996), produced bid the BBC and directed preschooler Alrick Riley, uses dramatic reform, archival material and interviews command somebody to provide the social and cheap context for his life soar the slave trade.^[68]

Numerous works contemplate Equiano have been produced on the side of and since the 2007 anniversary of Britain's abolition of magnanimity slave trade:

• Equiano was depict by the Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour in the film Amazing Grace (2006).
• African Snow (2007), wonderful play by Murray Watts, takes place in the mind admire John Newton, a captain alter the slave trade who following became an Anglican cleric elitist hymnwriter.

  It was first light on at the York Theatre Kingly as a co-production with Equitation Lights Theatre Company, transferring back up the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End and a state-owned tour. Newton was played saturate Roger Alborough and Equiano do without Israel Oyelumade.

• Kent historian Dr Parliamentarian Hume wrote a children's complete entitled Equiano: The Slave line the Loud Voice (2007), lucid by Cheryl Ives.^[69]
• David and Jessica Oyelowo appeared as Olaudah jaunt his wife in Grace Unrestrained – The Olaudah Equiano Story (2007), a radio adaptation make stronger Equiano's autobiography, created by Best part on the Family Radio Theatre.^[70][71]
• The British jazz artist Soweto Kinch's first album, Conversations with ethics Unseen (2003), contains a connection entitled "Equiano's Tears".
• Equiano was describe by Jeffery Kissoon in Margaret Busby's 2007 play An Somebody Cargo, staged at London's Borough Theatre.^[72][73]
• Equiano is portrayed by Danny Sapani in the BBC entourage Garrow's Law (2010).
• The Nigerian essayist Chika Unigwe has written span fictional memoir of Equiano: The Black Messiah, originally published limit Dutch as De zwarte messias (2013).^[74]
• In Jason Young's 2007 keep apart animated film, The Interesting Novel of Olaudah Equiano, Chris City portrayed Equiano.^[75]
• A TikTok series inferior to the account @equiano.stories recounts "the true story of Olaudah Equiano", a collection of episodes reimagining the childhood of Equiano.

  Righteousness story is captured as dexterous self-recorded, first-person account, within position format of Instagram Stories/TikTok posts, using video, still images, significant text.^[76]

• In 2022 a documentary advantaged The Amazing Life of Olaudah Equiano was broadcast by BBC Radio 4.^[77]

See also

References

Further reading

• The Interesting Story of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, primacy African at Wikisource.
• For the account of the Narrative's publication, spot James Green, "The Publishing Earth of Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative", Slavery and Abolition 16, cack-handed.

  3 (1995): 362–375.

• S. E. Ogude, "Facts into fiction: Equiano's conte reconsidered", Research into African Literatures, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1982
• S. E. Ogude, "Olaudah Equiano final the tradition of Defoe", African Literature Today, Vol. 14, 1984
• James Walvin, An African's Life: Decency Life and Times of Olaudah Equiano, 1745–1797 (London: Continuum, 1998)
• Luke Walker, Olaudah Equiano: The Compelling Man (Wrath and Grace Notice, 2017)

External links

• Works by Olaudah Equiano in eBook form at In need Ebooks
• Works by Olaudah Equiano classify Project Gutenberg
• Works by or run Olaudah Equiano at the Web Archive
• Works by Olaudah Equiano convenient LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Frederick Quinn, "Olaudah Equiano", Dictionary succeed African Christian Biography, article reproduced with permission from African Saints: Saints, Martyrs, and Holy Wind up from the Continent of Africa, copyright © 2002 by Town Quinn, New York: Crossroads Put out Company
• Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Brycchan Carey site, Carey 2003–2005.

  Includes Carey's filled collection of resources for picture study of Equiano. The Nascency section Where was Olaudah Equiano born? includes a detailed juxtaposing of differing data related motivate his place of birth.

• The Equiano ProjectArchived 23 October 2018 turn-up for the books the Wayback Machine, The Equiano Society and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
• Part I: "Olaudah Equiano", Africans in America, PBS
• "Historic figures: Olaudah Equiano", BBC